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1408. d'Agostino, R., et al, “Plasma treatment of PET for improving Al-adhesion,” in 41st Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, Society of Vacuum Coaters, 1998.

1410. Cassio, V., amd F. Rimediotti, “Plasma pre-treatment in aluminum web coating: A converter experience,” in 42nd Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, Society of Vacuum Coaters, 1999.

1411. Decker, W., and A. Yializis, “Surface functionalization of polymer films and webs using subatmospheric plasma,” in 41st Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, Society of Vacuum Coaters, 1998.

1416. Pirzada, S.A., A. Yializis, W. Decker, and R.E. Ellwanger, “Plasma treatment of polymer films,” in 42nd Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, 301+, Society of Vacuum Coaters, Apr 1999.

1513. Barankova, H., and L. Bardos, “Cold atmospheric plasma sources for surface treatment,” in 46th Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, 427-430, Society of Vacuum Coaters, 2003.

1516. Kaplan, S.L., “Cold gas plasma treatment of films, webs and fabrics,” in 41st Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, 345-348, Society of Vacuum Coaters, 1998.

1638. Wright, L.L., R.G. Posey, and E. Culbertson, “AFM studies of corona treated uniaxially drawn PET films,” in 49th Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, 673-678, Society of Vacuum Coaters, 2006.

2146. Finson, E., S.L. Kaplan, and L. Wood, “Plasma treatment of webs and films,” in 38th Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, Society of Vacuum Coaters, 1995.

2152. Yializis, A., M.G. Mikheal, R.E. Ellwanger, and E.M. Mount III, “Surface functionalization of polymer films,” in 42nd Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, 469-474, Society of Vacuum Coaters, 1999.

1552. no author cited, “Technical bulletin: A recommended practice for evaluating surface treatment of polyethylene and polypropylene containers,” Society of the Plastics Industry, 1991.

2894. Marmur, A., “Soft contact: measurement and interpretation of contact angles,” Soft Matter, 2, 12-17, (2006).

The measurement and interpretation of contact angles deceptively appear to be simple. This paper attempts to summarize the pitfalls in the field, and how to avoid them. First, the fundamental underlying theory that is necessary in order to properly measure and interpret contact angles is discussed, emphasizing recent developments. Then, the practical implications of these theoretical aspects are presented. In addition, the discussion highlights the missing pieces of the picture that need to be completed through future research.

312. Sayka, A., and J.G. Eberhart, “The effect of plasma treatment on the wettability of substrate materials,” Solid State Technology, 32, 69-70, (May 1989).

401. no author cited, “Successful Corona Treating,” Solo Systems, 1990.

2561. Tendero, C., C. Tixier, P. Tristant, J. Desmaison, and P. Leprince, “Atmospheric pressure plasmas: A review,” Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 961, 2-30, (Jan 2006).

This article attempts to give an overview of atmospheric plasma sources and their applications. The aim is to introduce, in a first part, the main scientific background concerning plasmas as well as the different atmospheric plasma sources (description, working principle). The second part focuses on the various applications of the atmospheric plasma technologies, mainly in the field of surface treatments.Thus this paper is meant for a broad audience: non-plasma-specialized readers will find basic information for an introduction to plasmas whereas plasma spectroscopists who are familiar with analytical plasmas may be interested in the synthesis of the different applications of the atmospheric pressure plasma sources.

2095. Desai, S.M., and R.P. Singh, “Surface modification of polyethylene,” in Advanced Computer Simulation Approaches for Soft Matter Sciences III, Holm, C., and K. Kremer, eds., 231-294, Springer, 2004.

2777. Kinloch, A.J., “Interfacial contact,” in Adhesion and Adhesives: Science and Technology, 18-55, Springer, 1987.

2872. Law, K.-L, and H. Zhao, Surface Wetting: Characterization, Contact Angle, and Fundamentals, Springer, 2016.

2921. Glasmacher-Seiler, B., S. Voigt, and H. Reul, “Determination of surface energetic properties by contact angle measurements,” in The Reference Materials of the European Communities, W. Lemm, ed., 85-94, Springer, 1992.

2966. Yuan, Y., and T.R. Lee, “Contact angle and wetting properties,” in Surface Science Techniques, G. Bracco and B. Holst, eds., 3-34, Springer, 2013.

2967. Su, C.H., T.H. Chen, S.H. Yang, C.H. Liu, S. Lin, J.T. Teng, and H. Chen, “Surface properties of polypropylene treated using atmospheric pressure plasma jet,” in Proceedings of the 35th International MATADOR Conference, S. Hinduja and K.-C. Fan, eds., 29-32, Springer, 2007.

2968. Gilliam, M., “Polymer surface treatment and coating technologies,” in Handbook of Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, A.Y.C. Nee, ed., 99-124, Springer, Sep 2014.

1086. de Gennes, P.-G., F. Brochard-Wyart, and D. Quere, “Capillarity:Deformable interfaces,” in Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena: Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves, 1-30, Springer-Verlag, Nov 2003.

1087. de Gennes, P.-G., F. Brochard-Wyart, and D. Quere, “Hysteresis and elasticity of triple lines,” in Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena: Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves, 69-84, Springer-Verlag, Nov 2003.

1088. de Gennes, P.-G., F. Brochard-Wyart, and D. Quere, “Wetting and long-range forces,” in Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena: Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves, 87-104, Springer-Verlag, Nov 2003.

2525. Morsy, F.A., S.Y. Elsayad, A. Bakry, and M.A. Eid, “Surface properties and printability of polypropylene film treated by an air dielectric barrier discharge plasma,” Surface Coatings International, Part B: Coatings Transactions, 89, 49-55, (Mar 2006).

The effect of air dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment on the chemical structure and morphology of polypropylene (PP)film was studied using UV-VIS (ultraviolet-visible),FT-IR,(Fourier transform infrared),SEM (scanning electron microscopy)and AFM (atomic force microscopy).Polypropylene samples were printed using solvent-based gravure ink.An evaluation of the print quality criteria of the treated PP films included measurement of print density and print gloss.SEM investigated the ink laydown on the modified PP film.The results showed that after a few seconds of plasma treatment,both the surface energy and the surface roughness of the treated PP film increased.There was an increase in the absorbance at the almost-visible range,and C=C and C=O bands were found after the air discharge plasma treatment.A short plasma treatment of 15 seconds was found to bring about a dramatic increase in the print density readings,but a decrease in print gloss.The time of the air discharge plasma treatment was found to have no effect on the print density or print gloss at a high ink film thickness.The results showed that air dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment,for a few seconds,is effective in printing and is economical for industrial use (this will be studied in detail in future work).

1372. Guthrie, J.T., “Pretreatments and their effect on the adhesion of coatings,” Surface Coatings Intl. B: Coatings Transactions, 85, 27-33, (Mar 2002).

1377. Pochner, K., S. Beil, H. Horn, and M. Bloomer, “Treatment of polymers for subsequent metallization using intense UV radiation or plasma at atmospheric pressure,” Surface Coatings and Technology, 97, 372-377, (Dec 1997).

2893. Drelich, J.W., “Guidelines to measurement of reproducible contact angles using a sessile-drop technique,” Surface Innovations, 1, 248-254, (Dec 2013).

The current broad interest in wetting characterization of solid surfaces is driven by recent advances in the formulation of surfaces and coatings that are superhydrophobic, superhydrophilic, oleophobic, oleophilic and so on. Unfortunately, the contact angle data presented in many publications raise some concerns among the surface chemists and physicists who work with contact angle measurement techniques on a regular basis. In those articles, best practices are often ignored, and the data presented are limited to the static contact angles measured for small droplets, a few times smaller than typically recommended. The reported contact angles are neither advancing nor receding, and their reproducibility in different laboratories is therefore questionable. In this note, guidelines to measurements of reproducible and reliable advancing and receding contact angles are summarized.

2096. Zekonyte, J., “Mechanisms of argon ion-beam surface modification of polystyrene,” Surface Science, 532-535, 1040-1044, (2003).

1467. Chan, C.-M., T.-M. Ko, and H. Hiraoka, “Polymer surface modification by plasmas and photons,” Surface Science Reports, 24, 1-54, (May 1996).

2508. Chan, C.-M., T.-M. Ko, and H. Hiroka, “Polymer surface modification by plasmas and photons,” Surface Science Reports, 24, 1-54, (May 1995).

68. Cormia, R.D., “Surface Modification and Characterization of Biomaterials,” Surface Sciences, 1990.

824. Ferrero, F., and R. Bongiovanni, “Improving the surface properties of cellophane by air plasma treatment,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 200, 4770-4776, (2006).

Air plasma treatment at low pressure was applied to modify the surface of a cellulose film with the aim to improve its wettability, dyeability and adhesion properties. The contact angles of different polar liquids on the treated films show an exponential decay with treatment time at a given power; the power–time reciprocity is followed. The calculated surface tension values exponentially rise to the same maximum value with a decrease of the polar fraction. ATR-FTIR analyses suggest that a cellulose dehydration takes place rather than a surface oxidation. The plasma treatment improves also the cellophane dyeability with typical dyes for cellulose fibers: the results of dye uptake follow the same trend as the surface energy. The bond strength of lap joints of cellophane with LLDPE film shows a strong improvement of the adhesion depending on the duration and the power of treatment. The whole results are consistent with ablation effects like those observed with air corona treatment rather than oxygen plasma.

836. Abenojar, J., R. Torregrosa-Coque, M.A. Martinez, and J.M. Martin-Martinez, “Surface modifications of polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) copolymer by treatment with atmospheric plasma,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 203, 2173-2180, (May 2009).

Two engineering thermoplastic polymers (polycarbonate, PC, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer, ABS) were treated with atmospheric plasma torch using different treatment rates (1, 5 and 10 m/min). The modifications produced by the treatment were analysed by contact angle measurements, XPS, SEM and ATR-IR spectroscopy. Particular emphasiswas placed on the ageing (up to 30 days) after atmospheric plasma treatment on both polymers. The slower the atmospheric plasma treatment, the greater the wettability of the treated polymers. The decrease in water contact angle was mainly ascribed to a significant increase in oxygen content due to the formation of carboxylic and hydroxyl groups and a decrease in the carbon content on the polymer surfaces. After natural ageing, there was an increase in the water contact angle, although the values of the untreated polymer surface were never reached.

904. Pykonen, M., H. Sundqvist, O.-V. Kaukoniemi, M. Tuominen, J. Lahti, P. Fardim, and M. Toivakka, “Ageing effects in atmospheric plasma activation of paper substrates,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 202, 3777-3786, (May 2008).

This work concerns the ageing effect of the atmospheric plasma and corona treatments when used to treat paper substrates. Pigment coated and surface sized papers were modified using two types of atmospheric plasma equipment; one at the pilot scale and one at the laboratory scale. In addition, the plasma treatments were compared to conventional corona treatment. Surface energy was estimated by contact angle measurements and surface chemistry by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as a function of the time during three months. The treatments increased surface energy and oxidation level of surface for both papers. The ageing effect could be detected only in the surface energy, whereas the oxidation level remained stable during the twelve weeks. The decay in surface energy was faster during the first weeks of storage and subsequently leveled off leading to a permanent change. The permanent change was explained as a contribution of oxygen containing polar molecular groups, which were detected by XPS. The ageing effect was suggested to originate from already existing polar molecular groups, which have rotated on the surface by plasma-related process and then rotate back into the material in time. A part of the decay was also explained by the plasma cleaning model, in which the ageing effect occurred through re-contamination. Paper is a multicomponent system, where the constituents that have the lowest surface energy were suggested to migrate to paper surfaces.

1212. Friedrich, J., W. Unger, A. Lippitz, L. Wigant, and H. Wittrich, “Corona, spark and combined UV and ozone modification of polymer films WeBP23,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 98, 879-885, (Jan 1998).

1247. Prinz, E., F. Forster, S. Meiners, and J.G.H. Salge, “Surface modification of polymer materials by transient gas discharges at atmospheric pressure,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 98, 1121-1127, (Jan 1998).

1287. Ha, S.W., R. Hauert, K.-H. Ernst, and E. Wintermantel, “Surface analysis of chemically-etched and plasma-treated PEEK for biomedical applications,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 96, 293-299, (1997).

1361. Bichler, C., T. Kerbstadt, H.C. Langowski, and U. Moosheimer, “The substrate - barrier film interface in thin barrier film coating,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 97, 299-307, (Dec 1997).

1371. Esrom, H., R. Seebock, M. Charbonnier, and M. Romand, “Surface activation of polyimide with dielectric barrier discharge for electroless metal deposition,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 125, 19-24, (Mar 2000).

 

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