ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography
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596. Weiss, H., “Increasing the wettability of film and foil webs, II,” Paper Film & Foil Converter, 61, 74-78, (Jul 1987).
1031. Weitzsacker, C.L., N. Dontula, A. Centeck, M.J. Ricj, and L.T. Drzal, “Utilising x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate modified polymer surfaces,” in 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting, 641-643, Adhesion Society, 1997.
1882. Wells, R.K., J.P.S. Badyal, I.W. Drummond, K.S. Robinson, and F.J. Street, “Plasma oxidation of polystyrene vs. polyethylene,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 7, 1129-1137, (1993) (also in Plasma Surface Modification of Polymers: Relevance to Adhesion, M. Strobel, C.S. Lyons, and K.L. Mittal, eds., p. 113-122, VSP, Oct 1994).
2725. Weng, M., and Q. Shen, “Effect of liquid surface tension data on the validity and accuracy of solid surface tension components and parameters in the application of the van Oss-Chaudhury-Good approach,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 28, 2248-2268, (2014).
This paper studies the effects on valid domain of contact angles and error limits of solid surface tension components and parameters (SSTCPs)/square roots of SSTCPs (SQSSTCPs) from the changes in liquid surface tension components and parameters (LSTCPs) when applying the van Oss–Chaudhury–Good (vOCG) approach. The results of maximum absolute errors and maximum relative errors (MREs) in SQSSTCPs/SSTCPs, induced by errors in LSTCPs or contact angles, show that most SQSSTCPs/SSTCPs can be evaluated at moderate accuracy from the lowest condition number liquid triplets, assuming that |Δθi| = 1° and 
= 0.1 mN/m (i = 1, 2, 3, k = LW, +, −). This confirms the validity of the vOCG approach. The accuracy of each SQSSTSCP/SSTCP declines with increasing θi or decreasing parameter when θi > 0 or a critical value, provided the other two contact angles are kept fixed. This explains the underlying reasons for negative SQSSTCPs. At the scale proposed by vOCG, dimethyl sulphoxide is not suggested for use. Comparing with the MREs obtained at vOCG scale, considering the acidity of diiodomethane improves the accuracy of 
; using the scales proposed by Lee and Shen do not affect the accuracy of SSTCPs, but using the scale proposed by Della Volpe et al. improves the accuracy of SSTCPs at low θ2 and θ3 while declines that at high ones. For a low 
, low surface tension apolar liquid is preferred for high accuracy. The dependence of the accuracy of SQSSTCPs/SSTCPs on contact angles suggests the importance of considering contact angle in accuracy evaluation.
384. Wenzel, R.N., “Surface roughness and contact angle (letter),” J. Physical Chemistry, 53, 1466-1467, (1949).
2294. Wenzel, R.N., “Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 28, 988-994, (1936).
735. Wertheimer, M.R., L. Martinu, J.E. Klemberg-Sapieha, and G. Czeremuszkin, “Plasma treatment of polymers to improve adhesion,” in Adhesion Promotion Techniques: Technological Applications, Mittal, K.L., and A. Pizzi, eds., 139-174, Marcel Dekker, Feb 1999.
869. Wertheimer, M.R., and R. Bartnikas, “Degradation effects of plasma and corona on polymers,” in Plasma Processing of Polymers (NATO Science Series E: Applied Sciences, Vol. 346), d'Agostino, R., P. Favia, and F. Fracassi, eds., 435-452, Kluwer Academic, Nov 1997.
385. Westerdahl, C.A.L., J.R. Hall, E.C. Schramm, and D.W. Levi, “Gas plasma effects on polymer surfaces,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 47, 610-620, (1974).
386. Wetterman, R.P., “Electrical surface treatment of polyolefin packaging materials for improved adhesion and printing,” J. Packaging Technology, 6, 22-25, (Nov 1990).
2057. Wetterman, R.P., “Contact angles measure component cleanliness,” Precision Clean, 21-24, (Oct 1997).
2482. Wetterman, R.P., “Surface tension measurement and coatings development,” Paint and Coatings Industry, 202-206, (Oct 1998).
910. Wettermann, R.P., “Electrical surface treatment of medical plastics,” Medical Device & Diagnostic Industry, (Oct 1990).
741. Wheale, S.H., J.P.S. Badyal, J. Bech, and N.H. Nilsson, “Atmospheric versus low-pressure plasma oxidation of rubber surfaces,” in Polymer Surfaces & Interfaces III, Richards, R.W., and S.K. Peace, eds., 285-297, John Wiley & Sons, Jul 1999.
597. Whitehouse, S.L., “Advances in adhesion of thermoplastic elastomers to other substrates,” in ANTEC 93 (Volume 1), 928-932, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1993.
1398. Whiteside, D.L., “Corona treating of substrates,” in 1985 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 89, TAPPI Press, Aug 1985.
1911. Whitesides, G.M., H.A. Biebuyck, J.P. Folkers, and K.L. Prime, “Acid-base interactions in wetting,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 5, 57-69, (1991) (also in Acid-Base Interactions: Relevance to Adhesion Science and Technology, K.L. Mittal and H.R. Anderson Jr., eds., p. 229-242, VSP, Nov 1991).
598. Wightman, J.P., T.D. Lin, and H.F. Webster, “Surface chemical aspects of polymer/metal adhesion,” Intl. J. Adhesion and Adhesives, 12, 133-137, (Jul 1992).
2016. Wilhoit, D.L., and V.J. Dudenhoeffer, “Process of corona treating a thermoplastic tubular film,” U.S. Patent 5407611, Apr 1995.
705. Willard, N.P., A.R. Balkenende, H.J.A.P. van de Boogaard, and M. Scholten, “Assessment of the surface free energy of low-energy solids by means of contact angle measurements,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.
2647. Willes, B., “Treating the surface: Options for all surface types,” Plastics Decorating, 14-16, (Apr 2016).
2962. Williams, D.L., and T.M. O'Bryon, “Cleanliness verification on large surfaces: Instilling confidence in contact angle techniques,” in Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Methods of Cleaning and Cleanliness Verification, R. Kohli and K.L. Mittal, eds., 163-181, Elsevier, 2013.
1566. Williams, K., and B. Bauman, “New technology for enhancing wood-plastic composites,” JCT CoatingsTech, 4, 52-57, (Aug 2007).
2388. Williams, R.L., “Apparatus for plasma treatment of interior surfaces of hollow plastic objects,” U.S. Patent 5176924, Jan 1993.
2390. Williams, R.L., and C.A. Mueller, “Apparatus and method for treating the interior surfaces of hollow plastic objects for improving adhesive properties,” U.S. Patent 5290489, Mar 1994.
2515. Williams, T.S., H. Yu, and R.F. Hicks, “Atmospheric pressure plasma activation of polymers and composites for adhesive bonding: A critical review,” Rev. Adhesion and Adhesives, 1, 46-84, (Feb 2013).
A review is presented on the surface preparation of polymers and composites using atmospheric pressure plasmas. This is a promising technique for replacing traditional methods of surface preparation by abrasion. With sufficient exposure to the plasma afterglow, polymer and composite surfaces are fully activated such that when bonded and cured with epoxy adhesives, they undergo 100% cohesive failure in the adhesive. Depending on the material, the lap shear strength and crack delamination resistance (GIC) can be increased several fold over that achieved by either solvent wiping or abrasion. In some cases, a plasma-responsive layer must be incorporated into the top resin layer of the composite to achieve maximum bond strength to the adhesive. Adhesion does not correlate well with water contact angle or surface roughness. Instead it correlates with the fraction of the polymer surface sites that are oxidized and converted into active functional groups, as determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy.
2703. Williams, T.S., H. Yu, and R.F. Hicks, “Atmospheric pressure activation as a surface pre-treatment for the adhesive bonding of aluminum 2024,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 28, 653-674, (2014).
A low-temperature, atmospheric pressure helium and oxygen plasma has been used for the surface preparation of aluminum 2024 prior to adhesive bonding. The plasma converted the aluminum from a water contact angle (WCA) of 79° to down to 38° within 5 s of exposure, while sanding reduced the WCA to only 51°. Characterization of the aluminum surface by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed a decrease in carbon contamination from 70 to 36% and an increase in the oxygen content from 22 to 50% following plasma treatment. Similar trends were observed for sanded surfaces. Lap shear results demonstrated bond strengths of 30 ± 2 MPa for the sanded aluminum vs. 33 ± 1 MPa for plasma-treated aluminum, where sol gel and primer coatings were added to the surface preparation. Following seven days of aging, wedge crack extension tests revealed cohesive failure percentages of 86, 92, and 96% for sanded, plasma-treated, and sanded/plasma-treated aluminum, respectively. These results indicate that atmospheric pressure plasmas are an attractive alternative to acid treatment or abrasion techniques for surface preparation prior to bonding.
599. Willows, R.S., and E. Hatschek, Surface Tension and Surface Energy and Their Influence on Chemical Phenomena, J. & A. Churchill, 1915.
2317. Winder, R.P.H., “Method and apparatus for treating plastic coated paper,” U.S. Patent 3281347, Oct 1966.
387. Winters, H.F., R.P.H. Chang, C.J. Mogab, J. Evans, J.A. Thornton, and H. Yasuda, “Coatings and surface modification using low pressure non-equilibrium plasmas,” Materials Science and Engineering, 70, 53-77, (1985).
858. Wolf, B.A., “Interfacial tension between polymer-containing liquids - predictability and influences of additives,” in Macromolecular Symposia 139: Macromolecules at Interfaces, Kahovec, J., ed., 87-92, Wiley-VCH, Aug 1999.
388. Wolf, R.A., “Corona treating & the printing process,” Flexo, 26, 58-59, (Jun 2001).
696. Wolf, R.A., “Atmospheric plasma: The new functional treatment for nonwovens,” in 2002 PLACE Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, Sep 2002.
923. Wolf, R.A., “Pouch material surface treatment,” Presented at TAPPI Stand-up Pouch Making Workshop, Jun 2017.
1157. Wolf, R.A., “Surface treating substrates: Atmospheric plasma technology benefits flexible packaging print adhesion,” Flexo, 30, 26-27, (Oct 2005).
1164. Wolf, R.A., “Atmospheric plasma: a new surface treatment technology for promoting flexographic printing adhesions',” in 2005 FFTA Forum, Flexographic Technical Association, Mar 2005.
1328. Wolf, R.A., “Corona treatment: a process overview,” http://www.idspackaging.com/Common/Paper/Paper_177, 0.
1388. Wolf, R.A., “Atmospheric plasma - The new functional treatment for extrusion coating and lamination processes,” http://www.idspackaging.com/Common/Paper/Paper_173, 0.
1415. Wolf, R.A., “Unique atmospheric plasma surface pre-treatment approach for improving adhesion,” Plastics Decorating, 13-17, (Oct 2006).
1494. Wolf, R.A., “Comparison of flame vs. plasma treatment,” http://www.vacuumcoatingblog.co.uk, Aug 2006.
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