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2586. Stobbe, B.D., “Question and Answer: Corona discharge surface treatment,” Plastics Decorating, 29, (Jul 2014).

354. Stradal, M., and D.A.I. Goring, “Corona-induced autohesion of polyethylene: Dependence of bonding on frequency and power consumption in various gases,” Canadian J. Chemical Engineering, 53, 427-430, (1975).

355. Stradal, M., and D.A.I. Goring, “The effect of corona and ozone treatment on the adhesion of ink to the surface of polyethylene,” Polymer Engineering and Science, 17, 38-41, (1977).

1975. Stradal, M., and D.A.I. Goring, “The corona-induced autohesion of polyethylene: The effect of sample density,” J. Adhesion, 8, 57-64, (1976).

580. Strobel, J.M., M. Strobel, C.S. Lyons, C. Dunatov, and S.J. Perron, “Aging of air-corona-treated polypropylene film,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 5, 119-130, (1991).

1637. Strobel, M., C. Dunatov, J.M. Strobel, C.S. Lyons, S.J. Perron, and M.C. Morgan, “Low-molecular-weight materials on corona treated polypropylene,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 3, 321, (1989).

581. Strobel, M., C.S. Lyons, J.M. Strobel, and R.S. Kapaun, “Analysis of air-corona-treated polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate films by contact angle measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 6, 429-443, (1992) (also in Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion: Festschrift in Honor of Professor Robert J. Good, K.L. Mittal, ed., p. 493-507, VSP, Nov 1993).

1473. Strobel, M., M. Ulsh, C. Stroud, and M.C. Branch, “The causes of non-uniform flame treatment of polypropylene film surfaces,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 20, 1493-1505, (2006).

A cross-web non-uniformity ('laning') in the flame surface modification of polypropylene (PP) film was investigated using flame temperature measurements and Wilhelmy plate force measurements. To associate the cross-web non-uniformity in the flame treatment with specific features of the flame supported on an industrial 4-port ribbon burner, the temperature and force measurements were registered to a specific burner port. The Wilhelmy force measurements show that the upstream pair of ribbon-burner ports causes a slightly greater treatment of the PP surface than the corresponding downstream pair of ports. The average temperature experienced by the PP as the film traverses through the flame is noticeably higher along the down-web line of the upstream burner ports as compared with a line passing through the downstream pair. This greater average temperature correlates to an exposure to a greater concentration of the active species, such as OH radicals, that cause the surface oxidation of the PP.

989. Strobel, M., M.C. Branch, M. Ulsh, R.S. Kapuan, S. Kirk, and C.S. Lyons, “Flame surface modification of polypropylene film,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 10, 515-539, (Jun 1996).

619. Strobel, M., M.J. Walzak, J.M. Hill, A. Lin, E. Karbshenski, and C.S. Lyons, “A comparison of gas phase methods of modifying polymer surfaces,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 9, 365+, (1994).

1255. Strobel, M., N. Sullivan, M.C. Branch, J. Park, M. Ulsh, R.S. Kapaun, B. Leys, “Surface modification of polypropylene films using N2O-containing flames,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 14, 1243-1264, (2000).

1007. Strobel, M., N. Sullivan, M.C. Branch, V. Jones, J. Park, M. Ulsh, et al., “Gas-phase modelling of impinging flames used for the flame surface modification of polypropylene film,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 15, 1-21, (2001).

357. Strobel, M., P.A. Thomas, and C.S. Lyons, “Plasma fluorination of polystyrene,” J. Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 25, 3343-3348, (Dec 1987).

356. Strobel, M., S. Corn, C.S. Lyons, and G.A. Korba, “Surface modification of polypropylene with CF4, CF3H, CF3Cl, and CF3Br plasmas,” J. Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 23, 1125-1135, (1985).

1832. Strobel, M., S. Corn, C.S. Lyons, and G.A. Korba, “Plasma fluorination of polyolefins,” J. Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 25, 1295-1307, (1987).

2719. Strobel, M., S.M. Kirk, L. Heinzen, E. Mischke, C.S. Lyons, and J. Endle, “Contact angle measurements on oxidized polymer surfaces containing water-soluble species,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 29, 1483-1507, (2015).

Advancing and receding contact angle measurements on polymer surfaces can be performed using a number of different methods. Ballistic deposition is a new method for both rapidly and accurately measuring the receding contact angle of water. In the ballistic deposition method, a pulsed stream of 0.15-μL water droplets is impinged upon a surface. The water spreads across the surface and then coalesces into a single 1.8-μL drop. High-speed video imaging shows that, on most surfaces, the water retracts from previously wetted material, thereby forming receding contact angles that agree with the receding angles measured by the Wilhelmy plate technique. The ballistic deposition method measures the receding angle within one second after the water first contacts the surface. This rapid measurement enables the investigation of polymer surface properties that are not easily probed by other wettability measurement methods. For example, meaningful contact angles of water can be obtained on the water-soluble low-molecular-weight oxidized materials (LMWOM) formed by the corona and flame treatment of polypropylene (PP) films. Use of the ballistic deposition method allows for a characterization of the wetting properties and an estimation of the surface energy components of LMWOM itself. Both corona- and flame-generated LMWOM have significant contact angle hysteresis, almost all of which is accounted for by the non-dispersive (polar) component of the surface rather than by the dispersive component. Surface heterogeneity is thus associated primarily with the oxidized functionalities added to the PP by the corona and flame treatments.

1254. Strobel, M., V. Jones, C.S. Lyons, M. Ulsh, M.J. Kushner, R. Dorai, M.C. Branch, “A comparison of corona-treated and flame-treated polypropylene films,” Plasmas and Polymers, 8, 61-95, (Mar 2003).

1253. Strobel, M., and C.S. Lyons, “The role of low-molecular-weight oxidized materials in the adhesion properties of corona-treated polypropylene film,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 17, 15-23, (2003).

2415. Strobel, M.A., C.S. Lyons, D.J. McClure, M.D. Nachbor, and J.R. Park, “Flame-treating process,” U.S. Patent 6780519, Aug 2004.

2401. Strobel, M.A., M.C. Branch, R.S. Kapaun, and C.S. Lyons, “Flame-treating process,” U.S. Patent 5753754, May 1998.

2292. Strobel, M.A., M.J. Walzak, J.M. Hill, A.Lin, E. Karbashewski, and C.S. Lyons, “A comparison of gas-phase methods of modifying polymer surfaces,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 9, 365-383, (1995) (also in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, K.L. Mittal, ed., p. 233-252, VSP, May 1996).

2267. Strobel, M.A., and C.S. Lyons, “An essay on contact angle measurements,” Plasma Processes and Polymers, 8, 8-13, (Jan 2011).

Contact angles are used to solve research and manufacturing problems in an industrial environment. Contact angle measurements are scientific, readily acquired using relatively low-cost instruments and simple procedures, are agreeable for use in environments from academic research laboratories to industrial manufacturing facilities, and are an extremely powerful method for characterizing surfaces. The measurement of dynamic contact angles is rate-dependent at high capillary numbers. Water is a preferred probe liquid for contact angle measurements not only because of the importance of aqueous systems in science and industry, but also because water has the highest surface tension of any commonly available probe liquid and therefore has measurable contact angles on most polymeric materials. Most theories of solid surface energy have a basis in Young's equation, which employs the equilibrium contact angle. If surface energy or surface energy component calculations are made, both the advancing and the receding contact angle data should be used in those calculations.

2403. Strobel,. M.A., M.C. Branch, R.S. Kapaun, and C.S Lyons, “Flame-treating process,” U.S. Patent 5891967, Apr 1999.

1886. Strohmeier, B.R., “Improving the wettability of aluminum foil with oxygen plasma treatments,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 6, 703-718, (1992) (also in Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion: Festschrift in Honor of Professor Robert J. Good, K.L. Mittal, ed., p. 453-468, VSP, Nov 1993).

1692. Strom, G., “The importance of surface energetics and dynamic wetting in offset printing,” J. Pulp and Paper Science, 19, J79, (1993).

358. Su, C.C., “Low volatile organic compounds coatings; surface energy considerations,” in 1993 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 491-499, TAPPI Press, Aug 1993.

2967. Su, C.H., T.H. Chen, S.H. Yang, C.H. Liu, S. Lin, J.T. Teng, and H. Chen, “Surface properties of polypropylene treated using atmospheric pressure plasma jet,” in Proceedings of the 35th International MATADOR Conference, S. Hinduja and K.-C. Fan, eds., 29-32, Springer, 2007.

1126. Suchaneck, G., M. Guenther, G. Gerlach, K. Sahre, K.-J. Eichhorn, B.Wolf, “Ion-induced chemical and structural modification of polymer surfaces,” in Plasma Processes and Polymers, d'Agostino, R., P. Favia, C. Oehr, and M.R. Wertheimer, eds., 205-222, Wiley-VCH, 2005.

966. Suezer, S., A. Argun, O. Vatansever, and O. Aral, “XPS and water contact angle measurements on aged and corona treated PP,” J. Applied Polymer Science, 74, 1846-1850, (Nov 1999).

653. Sugita, K., “Wettability and adhesion of polymer surfaces,” International Polymer Science and Technology, 14-T, 38-46, (Sep 1994).

2713. Sugizaki, Y., T. Shiina, Y. Tanaka, and A. Suzuki, “Effects of peel angle on peel force of adhesive tape from soft adherend,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 30, 2637-2654, (2016).

In the case of the peeling of adhesive tapes from soft adherends, the contributions of the compressive force at the adhered portion as well as the larger deformation of adherend have essential roles in determining the peeling properties. In this paper, the peel force of an adhesive tape from a soft adherend has been measured to understand the peeling mechanism, which is greatly affected by the peel angle. A commercially available pressure-sensitive adhesive was used as the tape, and a cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was used as the soft adherend. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of the peel angle on the peel behavior of this system at room temperature under different material specifications and different experimental conditions. The factors that affect the peel force of the PDMS adherend included the degree of cross-linking in PDMS, the thickness of PDMS, peel angle, and peel velocity. Two characteristic peel patterns were observed, which depended on the material specifications and different experimental conditions. The peel mechanism was discussed in terms of the deformation of the adherend.

2308. Sullivan, M.W., “Process and apparatus for treating plastics,” U.S. Patent 3308045, Mar 1967.

1022. Sullivan, N., M.C. Branch, M. Ulsh, and M. Strobel, “Flame treatment of polyolefin materials: Characterisation of gas phase phenomena,” in 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting Conference Proceedings, 101-103, Adhesion Society, 1997.

971. Sun, C.Q., D. Zhang, and L.C. Wadsworth, “Corona treatment of polyolefin films - A review,” Advances in Polymer Technology, 18, 171-180, (Apr 1999).

359. Sun, Q.C., D. Zhang, and L.C. Wadsworth, “Corona treatment on polyolefin films,” TAPPI J., 81, 177-183, (Aug 1998).

360. Sutherland, I., D.M. Brewis, R.J. Heath, and E. Sheng, “Modification of polypropylene surfaces by flame treatment,” Surface and Interface Analysis, 17, 507-510, (1991).

1951. Sutherland, I., E. Sheng, D.M. Brewis, and R.J. Heath, “Flame treatment and surface characterisation of rubber-modified polypropylene,” J. Adhesion, 44, 17-27, (Oct 1994).

2013. Sutherland, I., R.P. Popat, D.M. Brewis, and R. Calder, “Corona discharge treatment of polyolefins,” in Adhesion International 1993, Sharpe, L.H., ed., 369-380, Gordon and Breach, 1993 (also in J. Adhesion, V. 46, p. 79-88, Sep 1994).

2460. Sutton, S.P., “Capillary devices for determination of surface characteristics can contact angles and methods for using same,” U.S. Patent Application 20040187565, Sep 2004.

361. Suzuki, M., A. Kishida, H. Iwata, and Y. Ikada, “Graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto a polyethylene surface pretreated with a glow discharge,” Macromolecules, 19, 1804-1808, (1986).

 

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