ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography
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18. Berg, J.C., ed., Wettability, Marcel Dekker, Apr 1993.
853. Bergbreiter, D.E., “New synthetic methodology for grafting at polymer surfaces,” in Chemically Modified Surfaces, Pesek, J.J. and I.E. Leigh, eds., 24-40, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1994.
773. Bergbreiter, D.E., B. Srinivas, G.-F. Xu, B.C. Ponder, H.N. Gray, A. Bandella, “New approaches for polymer surface modification,” in Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces: Characterization, Modification and Application, Mittal, K.L., and K.-W. Lee, eds., 3-18, VSP, Jun 1997.
419. Bergbreiter, D.E., N. White, and J. Zhou, “Modification of polyolefin surfaces with iron cluster oxidants,” J. Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 30, 389-396, (1992).
420. Bergbreiter, D.E., et al, “New approaches in polymer surface modification,” in ANTEC 95, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1995.
839. Berger, E.J., “A method of determining the surface acidity of polymeric and metallic materials and its application to lap shear adhesion,” in Acid-Base Interactions: Relevance to Adhesion Science and Technology, Mittal, K.L., and H.R. Anderson Jr., eds., 207-228, VSP, Nov 1991.
1780. Bernett, M.K., and W.A. Zisman, “Wetting properties of polyhexafluoropropylene,” J. Physical Chemistry, 65, 2266-2267, (1961).
2030. Bernett, M.K., and W.A. Zisman, “Wetting properties of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoroethylene copolymers,” J. Physical Chemistry, 64, 1292-1294, (1960).
2321. Bernett, M.K., and W.A. Zisman, “Wetting of low energy solids by aqueous solutions of highly fluorinated acids and salts,” J. Physical Chemistry, 63, 1911-1916, (1959).
421. Bernier, M.H., J.E. Klemberg-Sapieha, L. Martinu, and M.R. Wertheimer, “Polymer surface modification by dual-frequency plasma treatment,” in Metallization of Polymers (ACS Symposium Series 440), 147-160, American Chemical Society, Sep 1989.
1702. Berthier, J., “Theory of wetting,” in Microdrops and Digital Microfluidics, 7-74, William Andrew Inc., Mar 2008.
2302. Berthold, G.H., “Method for treating preformed polyethylene with an electrical glow discharge,” U.S. Patent 2935418, May 1960.
2345. Berthold, G.H., A.S. Mancib, and M.B. Karelitz, “Apparatus for treating plastic materials,” U.S. Patent 2881470, Apr 1959.
2344. Berthold, G.H., and A.S. Mancib, “Method of treating polyethylene sheet material,” U.S. Patent 2859480, Nov 1958.
20. Bezigian, T., “The effect of corona discharge onto polymer films,” in 1991 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 203-208, TAPPI Press, Aug 1991.
422. Bezigian, T., “Why corona treating works,” Converting, 9, 12, (Jan 1991).
939. Bezigian, T., “Extrusion forum: What are the key design criteria for corona treaters?,” Converting, 15, 26, (Jul 1997).
940. Bezigian, T., “Overview of primer technology: A variety of priming techniques exists to aid the extrusion coater in meeting today's increasingly complex requirements,” Converting, 10, 60-65, (Dec 1992).
151. Bhala, M., and L. Dube, “Standardization of polyethylene treatment level using a mathematical model,” Iranian Polymer J., 12, 51-55, (Mar 2003).
1776. Bhatia, Q.S., J.-K. Chen, J.T. Koberstein, J.E. Sohn, and J.A. Emerson, “The measurement of polymer surface tension by drop image processing: Application to PDMS and comparison with theory,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 106, 353-359, (Aug 1985).
1187. Bhowmik, S., H.W. Bonin, V.T. Bui, and T.K. Chaki, “Physicochemical and adhesion characteristics of high-density polyethylene when treated in a low-pressure plasma under different electrodes,” J. Adhesion, 82, 1-18, (Jan 2006).
The present investigation studys the effects of different electrodes such as copper, nickel, and stainless steel under low-pressure plasma on physicochemical and adhesion characteristics of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). To estimate the extent of surface modification, the surface energies of the polymer surfaces exposed to low-pressure plasmas have been determined by measuring contact angles using two standard test liquids of known surface energies. It is observed that the surface energy and its polar component increase with increasing exposure time, attain a maximum, and then decrease. The increase in surface energy and its polar component is relatively more important when the polymer is exposed under a stainless-steel electrode followed by a nickel and then a copper electrode. The dispersion component of surface energy remains almost unaffected. The surfaces have also been studied by optical microscopy and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). It is observed that when the HDPE is exposed under these electrodes, single crystals of shish kebab structure form, and the extent of formation of crystals is higher under a stainless-steel electrode followed by nickel and then copper electrodes. Exposure of the polymer under low-pressure plasma has essentially incorporated oxygen functionalities on the polymer surface as detected by ESCA. Furthermore the ESCA studies strongly emphasize that higher incorporation of oxygen functionalities are obtained when the polymer is exposed to low-pressure plasma under a stainless-steel electrode followed by nickel and then copper electrodes. These oxygen functionalities have been transformed into various polar functional groups, which have been attributed to increases in the polar component of surface energy as well as the total surface energy of the polymer. Therefore, the maximum increase in surface energy results in stronger adhesion of the polymer when the polymer is exposed under a stainless-steel electrode rather than nickel and copper electrodes.
1015. Bhowmik, S., P.K. Ghosh, S. Ray, and S.K. Barthwal, “Surface modification of high density polyethylene and polypropylene by DC glow discharge and adhesive bonding to steel,” J. Adhesion Science & Technology, 12, 1181-1204, (1998).
1924. Bhurke, A.S., P.A. Askeland, and L.T. Drzal, “Surface modification of polycarbonate by ultraviolet radiation and ozone,” J. Adhesion, 83, 43-66, (Jan 2007).
The effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the presence of ozone as a surface treatment for polycarbonate is examined in regards to changes in the wettability, adhesion, and surface mechanical properties. Standalone, 175-µm-thick films of a commercially available polycarbonate were exposed to UV radiation from sources of different power with various treatment times in the presence of supplemental ozone. Significant decreases in the water contact angle were observed after exposure to UV radiation in the presence of ozone. After several variations in the experimental setup, it was determined that the change in water contact angle is a function of the UV irradiance and the work of adhesion follows a master curve versus UV irradiance. Nanoindentation experiments revealed that the modulus of the top 500 nm of the surface is increased following UV exposure, attributable to surface cross-linking. Adhesion tests to the surface (conducted by a pneumatic adhesion tensile test instrument) showed little change as a function of UV exposure. Analysis of adhesion test failure surfaces with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) showed the locus of bond failure lay within the bulk polycarbonate and the measured bond strength is limited by the bulk properties of the polycarbonate and/or the creation of a weak boundary layer within the polymer.
1752. Bialopiotrowicz, T., “Influence of erroneous data on the results of calculations from acid-base surface free energy theories, I: Simulations for a small input data set,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 21, 1539-1556, (2007).
The van Oss–Chaudhury–Good theory (vOCGT) was checked for a small artificial set of the work of adhesion input data calculated for 9 solids and 7 liquids. Taking from the literature the data for Lifshitz–van der Waals (LW) component and acid and base (A and B) parameters for 7 liquids and the values of the component and the parameters for 9 solids (close to those in the literature), the work of adhesion was calculated and its value was assumed to be free of error. Next, new values of the work of adhesion were obtained by adding a random error of normal distribution belonging to 11 distributions of a mean value equal to the errorless work of adhesion value and standard deviations from 0.1 to 60% of the mean value. The LW components and A and B parameters for these solids were back-calculated for each solid and the error level by solving 20 3-equation systems. These 9 solids were grouped in 3 sets of 3 solids in each, and for each of the solid sets the over determined system of equations (of matrix 7 × 3) for these 7 liquids was solved. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) of the LW component and A and B parameters were linear functions of RMSE of the vector (matrix) of the work of adhesion in both solution methods of a set of equations. It was found that a solution of the 3-equation set of the vOCGT was always exact for all liquid triplets. Erroneous LW components and acid and base parameters are obtained because quite a different set of equations (caused by an existing error in the data) is solved than in the case of error-free data. There is a linear transformation from the input error in the work of adhesion vector (matrix) space into the output error in the solution vector (matrix) space, and the inverse (or pseudoinverse) of the matrix A is the transformation matrix. In the case of a 3-equation set there is a linear relationship between the total RMSE of the solution and the condition number of the matrix A. The higher the input error in the work of adhesion data the higher is the influence of the condition number on the error in the solution. The RMSE value of the solution of an over determined system of equations was about 10-times lower than the mean value of RMSE calculated for the same liquids used as separate triplets.
1753. Bialopiotrowicz, T., “Influence of erroneous data on the results of calculations from acid-base surface free energy theories, II: Why are negative values of square roots obtained?,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 21, 1557-1573, (2007).
The occurrence of negative square roots of the Lifshitz–van der Waals (LW) component and acid and base (A and B) parameters calculated from the van Oss–Chaudhury–Good theory was checked for a small artificial set of the work of adhesion input data calculated for 9 solids and 7 liquids. Taking from the literature the data for the LW component and A and B parameters for 7 liquids and the values of such component and parameters for 9 solids (close to those in the literature), the work of adhesion was calculated and its value was assumed to be error-free (un-biased). Next, new values of the work of adhesion were obtained by adding a random error having normal distribution belonging to 8 distributions of a mean value equal to the error-free work of adhesion value and standard deviations of 1, 5, 7, 10, 20, 25, 30 and 40% of the mean value. The LW components and A and B parameters for the nine solids were back-calculated for each solid and the error (bias) level by solving the overdetermined system of equations (of matrix 7 × 3) for 7 liquids. These 9 solids were grouped in 3 sets of 3 solids in each. It was found that an experimental error caused the work of adhesion data for real systems to be biased. This bias caused the solution of the equation system also to be biased and both biases were linearly dependent. This paper confirms that the appearance of negative roots of A and B parameters is caused by a specific bias in the components of the work of adhesion matrix. If the work of adhesion matrix is negatively biased there is a greater possibility of obtaining a negative value of the square root of γ+, and the smaller the value of this parameter the greater is the possibility of obtaining a negative square root for it. Both the negative and positive biases in the work of adhesion matrix almost equally influence the bias in γ−. The smaller this parameter the greater is its bias and greater the possibility of obtaining its negative square root.
2166. Bialopiotrowicz, T., “Influence of erroneous data on the results of calculations from acid-base surface free energy theories, III: Solution of a three-equation set in the case of homoscedastic error,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 23, 799-813, (2009).
The van Oss–Chaudhury–Good theory (vOCGT) was checked for a large artificial set of work of adhesion input data calculated for 15 solids and 300 liquids. Numerical values of LW component and acid (A) and base (B) parameters were assigned to 15 solids. These 15 solids were grouped in 5 sets of 3 solids in each. Also numerical values of LW component and A and B parameters were assigned to 300 liquids (three sets of 100 liquids in each). Data for these solids and liquids were especially selected to represent real types of materials encountered in practice. For all 15 solids and 300 liquids the work of adhesion values were calculated and these values were assumed to be error-free. Next, new values of the work of adhesion were obtained by adding a random homoscedastic error (A vector of random variables is homoscedastic if it has the same finite variance.) of the normal distribution (Also called the Gaussian distribution — it is continuous probability distribution defined by two parameters: the mean and variance (standard deviation squared, σ2).), belonging to 8 distributions of a mean value equal to the error-free work of adhesion value and standard deviations of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 mJ/m2. The LW components and A and B parameters for these solids were back-calculated for each error level. Two different methods for the solution of a 3-equation set were used and they gave practically the same results irrespective of the error level and liquids and solids used. It was found that there existed a linear correlation between the RMSE (root mean square error) of the solution and the standard deviation of the work of adhesion data. This correlation was highly significant (with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.999) and was true separately for LW component, A and B parameters as well as for the total solution vector (i.e., combinedly for the LW component, A and B parameters). The RMSE values of the total solution vector (having as elements values of the LW component, A and B parameters) as well as separately for LW component and A and B parameters were correlated with the condition number of a given 3-equation set. A very good correlation was found only for the total solution, much worse for A or B parameters, and practically there was a lack of correlation for the LW component. Based on the correlation between the RMSE and the standard deviation of the work of adhesion it was possible to determine what should have been the maximal standard deviation of the work of adhesion if the calculated value of a given LW component or A or B parameter did not differ by more than 1 mJ/m2 from an error-free (true) value.
1361. Bichler, C., T. Kerbstadt, H.C. Langowski, and U. Moosheimer, “The substrate - barrier film interface in thin barrier film coating,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 97, 299-307, (Dec 1997).
1741. Biederman, H., and Y. Osada, “Plasma chemistry of polymers,” Advances in Polymer Science, 95, 57-109, (1990).
21. Biedermann, H., and Y. Osada, Plasma Polymerization Processes, Elsevier, 1992.
423. Bierwagen, G.P., “Surface dynamics of defect formation in paint films,” Progress in Organic Coatings, 3, 101, (1975).
871. Bierwagen, G.P., “Surface energetics,” in Paint and Coating Testing Manual, 14th Ed. of the Gardner-Sward Handbook, Koleske, J.V., ed., 369-382, ASTM, 1995.
22. Biggs, D., and R. Fredricks, “A study of wetting tension solutions,” TAPPI J., 77, 94-99, (Aug 1994).
1612. Birch, W., A. Carre, and K.L. Mittal, “Wettability techniques to monitor the cleanliness of surfaces,” in Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applied Aspects, Kohli, R., and K.L. Mittal, eds., 693-723, William Andrew Inc., Dec 2007.
745. Birdi, K.S., “Surface tension and interfacial tension of liquids,” in Handbook of Surface and Colloid Chemistry, 2nd Ed., Birdi, K.S., ed., 67-118, CRC Press, Sep 2002.
1990. Birdi, K.S., “Contact angle hysteresis on some polymeric solids,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 88, 290-293, (Jul 1982).
2910. Biresaw, G., and C.J. Carriere, “Surface energy parameters of polymers from directly measured interfacial tension with probe polymers,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 18, 1675-1685, (2004).
The surface energy parameters of polycaprolactone (PCL) were determined at 160 and 180°C from its interfacial tensions with probe polymers. The probe polymers were polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). This method is based on the well-known relationship between blend interfacial tension and polymer surface energy parameters, and requires the use of at least two probe polymers, whose surface energy parameters at the temperature of interest have been independently determined. It also requires direct measurement of blend interfacial tension at the high temperatures of interest. The interfacial tensions were obtained from direct measurements by the imbedded fiber retraction method. The following results were obtained: (a) γP (polar component) values for PCL was within the range reported using other methods, (b) γD (dispersion component) values for PCL decreased with increasing temperature, consistent with expectations and (c) γD values for PCL were on the high end, but still within the rather broad range of reported values.
1049. Bishop, C.A., “Corona-treated RPVC,” AIMCAL News, 26, (Dec 2003).
1069. Bishop, C.A., “Shelf life of metalized polyester film for packaging applications,” AIMCAL News, 26, (Apr 2004).
1134. Bishop, C.A., “Ask AIMCAL: We are having a problem laminating polyester and polypropylene (PP),” AIMCAL News, 25, (Sep 2005).
1180. Bishop, C.A., “Lifetime of flame treatment,” http://www.vacuumcoatingblog.co.uk, May 2006.
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