ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography
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2815. Lv, M., L. Wang, J. Liu, F. Kong, A. Ling, T. Wang, and Q. Wang, “Surface energy, hardness, and tribological properties of carbon-fiber/polytetrafluoroethylene composites modified by proton irradiation,” Tribology Intl., 132, 237-243, (Apr 2019).
The carbon fibers (CFs) reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites have been modified using proton irradiation, and the surface energy, hardness and tribological properties have been investigated before and after irradiation. The CFs increased the hardness and the wear resistance. Proton irradiation led to defluorination and carbonization of the CF/PTFE composite surface, and decreased the surface wettability and the surface energy. The irradiation depth was 820 nm from the material surface calculated with SRIM software package. In addition, the wear resistance was improved after proton irradiation. Proton irradiation improved the wear resistance of the composite and induced the material transfer from Cu alloy surface to CF/PTFE. These significant improvements could enable potential applications in aeronautics and smart medical materials.
2929. Lykke, K., “How proper treatment for flexible laminates helps achieve high bond strength, zero optical defects,” Converting Quarterly, 12, 64-68, (Oct 2022).
2950. Lykke, K., “The role of corona in flexible packaging lamination requires an understanding of filmic substrates,” PFFC, 28, 11-13, (Jan 2023).
1044. Lynch, J.B., P.D. Spence, D.E. Baker, and T.A. Postlethwaite, “Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of polyethylene via a pulse dielectric barrier discharge: Comparison using various gas compositions versus corona discharge in air.,” J. Applied Polymer Science, 71, 319-331, (Jan 1999).
2890. Macdougall, G., and C. Ockrent, “Surface energy relations in liquid/solid systems 1. The adhesion of liquids to solids and a new method of determining the surface tension of liquids,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 180, 151-173, (1942).
521. Mack, G.L., “The determination of contact angles from measurement of the dimensions of small bubbles and drops,” Intl. J. Physical Chemistry, 40, 159+, (1936).
228. Mackey, C.D., “Good adhesive bonding starts with surface preparation,” Adhesives Age, 41, 30-32, (Jun 1998).
522. Maden, S., L.E. McDaniels, and I.R. Harrison, “Surface modifications in polymer - metal laminates,” in ANTEC 90, 1820-1823, Society of Plastics Engineers, 1990.
2215. Madhusoodhanan, S., S. Sung, E. Delp, et al, “Dynamic surface tension of digital UV curable inks,” Ink World, 14, 0, (Mar 2008).
2627. Mahmood, A.A., “Surface energy: An applied experimental design for novel UV-curable coatings,” Presented at RadTech 2016, May 2016.
1865. Majumder, P.S., and A.K. Bhowmick, “Electron beam-initiated surface modification of elastomers,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 12, 831-856, (1998).
1133. Mancinelli, S., “Flame treatment technology: process and its applications,” Presented at AIMCAL 2005 Fall Technical Conference, Oct 2005.
2040. Mancinelli, S., “Flame treatment technology for converting industry,” in 2014 PLACE Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, May 2014.
2922. Mancinelli, S., “Flame treatment technology and its applications,” J. Applied Packaging Research, 10, (2018).
This paper, as the title underlines, will be focused on flame treatment technology applications, mainly on BOPP substrates.
After an introduction regarding flame chemistry and BOPP surface activation mechanisms, this paper will be focused on unique flame treatment oxidation performances, in comparison with other treatment methods actually used in the market.
Focus will then be moved to the characteristics and advantages of using flame treatment for film surface treatment. In particular, a comparison will be run with other surface treatment technologies (corona surface treatment and atmospheric plasma treatment) in terms of:
- q surface energy after treatment;
- surface oxidation mechanisms and chemical species involved;
- quantity of oxygen on treated surface (oxidation level);
- quality of oxygen on treated surface;
- adhesion;
- printability/print quality.
Typical and new applications of flame treatment will be presented, underlining benefits coming from flame usage for pretreating different types of skins. Finally, the paper will try to make rid of prejudices and misinformation concerning flame treatment process applications, especially to certain kind of webs and substrates.
2567. Mandolini, P., “Polarized flame treatment for BOPP and CPP films and comparison with other treatment methods,” in 2008 PLACE Conference Proceedings, 710-714, TAPPI Press, Sep 2008.
1548. Manges, M., “Plasma treatment for medical device assembly,” Moll Medical, Seagrove Div., Apr 2006.
704. Mangipudi, V.S., M. Tirrell, and A.V. Pocius, “The use of the surface forces apparatus in the study of adhesion: polymer solid surface energies and the effect of surface treatment,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.
1815. Mangipudi, V.S., M. Tirrell, and A.V. Pocius, “Direct measurement of molecular level adhesion between poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polyethylene films: Determination of surface and interfacial energies,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 8, 1251-1270, (1994) (also in Fundamentals of Adhesion and Interfaces, D.S. Rimai, L.P. DeMejo, and K.L. Mittal, eds., p. 205-224, VSP, Dec 1995).
898. Mangipudi, V.S., and A. Falsifi, “Direct estimation of the adhesion of solid polymers,” in Adhesion Science and Engineering: Vol. 1 - The Mechanics of Adhesion; Vol. 2 - Surfaces, Chemistry and Applications, Dillard, D.A., and A.V. Pocius, eds., 75-138(V2), Elsevier, Oct 2002.
2651. Mania, D.M., “Is there a correlation between contact angle and stain repellency?,” Coatings World, 21, 99-105, (Jul 2016).
2720. Manko, D., A. Zdziennicka, K. Szymczyk, and B. Janczuk, “Wettability of polytetrafluoroethylene and polymethyl methacrylate by aqueous solutions of TX-100 and TX-165 mixture with propanol,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 29, 1081-1095, (2015).
The measurements of the contact angle of the aqueous solutions of TX-100 and TX-165 mixture with propanol on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were carried out. On the basis of the obtained results, the dependence between the cosine of contact angle and surface tension as well as between the adhesion and surface tension of the solutions in the light of the work of adhesion of the solutions to the PTFE and PMMA surface was discussed. The dependence between the adhesion and surface tension for PMMA was correlated to the surface concentration of propanol as well as TX-100 and TX-165 mixture concentration determined from the Frumkin equation at the PMMA-air, PMMA-solution and solution–air interfaces. For this purpose, the surface tension of PMMA covered by a surface active agent film was determined using the Neumann et al. equation and next the PMMA–solution interface tension was evaluated from the Young equation. The values of the surface tension of PMMA covered by propanol and surfactants mixture layer were applied to describe the changes of the adhesion work of solutions to PMMA surface as a function of propanol and surfactants mixture concentration. The adhesion work of the aqueous solutions of TX-100 and TX-165 mixture with propanol to the PTFE and PMMA surfaces was discussed in the light of the adhesion work of particular components of the solutions. On the basis of the results obtained from the contact angle measurements, the standard Gibbs free energy of adsorption of particular components of solution was also considered.
2354. Mantell, R.M., “Method of treating synthetic resinous material to increase the wettability thereof,” U.S. Patent 3309299, Mar 1967.
2338. Mantell, R.M., and W.L. Ormand, “Activation of plastic surfaces in a plasmajet,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 3, 300-303, (Dec 1964).
523. Mapleston, P., “Plasma technology progress improves options in surface treatment,” Modern Plastics Intl., 20, 74-79, (Oct 1990).
1574. Marcandalli, B., and C. Riccardi, “Plasma treatments of fibers and textiles,” in Plasma Technologies for Textiles, Shishoo, R., ed., 282-315, Woodhead Publishing, Mar 2007.
647. Marchant, R.E., C.J. Chou, and C. Khoo, “Effect of nitrogen RF plasma on the properties of polypropylene,” in Plasma Polymerization and Plasma Treatment of Polymers, Yasuda, H.K., ed., 126-138, John Wiley & Sons, 1988.
2889. Mark, G.L., and D.A. Lee, “The determination of contact angles from measurements of the dimensions of small bubbles and drops II. The sessile drop method for obtuse angles,” J. Physical Chemistry, 40, 169-176, (1935).
2155. Mark, J.E., ed., Polymer Data Handbook, 2nd Ed., Oxford Univ. Press, Apr 2009.
229. Markgraf, D.A., “Determining the size of a corona treating system,” TAPPI J., 72, 173-178, (Sep 1989).
230. Markgraf, D.A., “Understanding causes can deter backside treatment,” Paper Film & Foil Converter, 66, 145-146, (Sep 1992).
231. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treatment: an overview,” in 1994 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 159-188, TAPPI Press, Sep 1994.
232. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treating electrodes: effect on treatment level and efficiency,” in 1995 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 159-166, TAPPI Press, Aug 1995.
524. Markgraf, D.A., “Ozone decomposition in corona treatment,” in 1985 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 227+, TAPPI Press, Aug 1985.
525. Markgraf, D.A., “Treatment required for printing with water-based inks,” in 1987 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 333-336, TAPPI Press, Aug 1987.
526. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treatment and water-borne technology: Implications for converting polyolefin substrates,” American Ink Maker, 65, 26-62, (1987).
527. Markgraf, D.A., “Sizing: the critical element for effective corona treating,” in 1989 Coextrusion Seminar Proceedings, 17+, TAPPI Press, 1989.
617. Markgraf, D.A., “Troubleshooting corona treatment equipment in the converting industry,” in 2002 Troubleshooting Short Course for Extrusion Coating & Flexible Packaging Notes, 109-118, TAPPI Press, Jun 2002 (also in 2002 PLACE Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, Sep 2002).
729. Markgraf, D.A., “Corona treatment enhanced adhesion for extrusion coating,” in Extrusion Coating Manual, 4th Ed., Bezigian, T., ed., 65-74, TAPPI Press, Feb 1999.
747. Markgraf, D.A., “Surface treatment,” in Film Extrusion Manual: Process, Materials, Properties, 2nd Ed., Butler, T.I., 287-311, TAPPI Press, Feb 2005.
928. Markgraf, D.A., “Practical aspects of determining the intensity of corona treatment,” TAPPI J., 68, (Feb 1985).
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