ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography
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1723. Kunz, M., and M. Bauer, “Superior adhesion with 'smart priming' - New surface modification technology,” RadTech Report, 27-32, (Nov 2000).
1437. Kunz. M., and M. Bauer, “Adhesion to plastic,” Farbe und Lack, 107, 54-62, (2001).
2546. Kurdi, J., H. Ardelean, P. Marcus, P. Jonnard, and F. Arefi-Khonsari, “Adhesion properties of aluminum-metallized/ammonia plasma-treated polypropylene: Spectroscopic analysis (XPS, EXES) of the aluminum/polypropylene interface,” Applied Surface Science, 189, 119-128, (Apr 2002).
2167. Kurihara, Y., H. Ohata, M. Kawaguchi, S. Yamazaki, and K. Kimura, “Improvement of adhesion between liquid crystalline polyester films by plasma treatment,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 22, 1985-2002, (2008).
Surface modification of thermotropic liquid crystalline aromatic polyester (LCP) films was carried out by low-pressure plasma treatment to improve the initial adhesion as well as the long-term adhesion reliability, a measure of durability between the LCP films used as substrates for printed circuit boards. Plasma irradiation was carried out in various plasma gases with different plasma modes such as reactive-ion-etching, and direct-plasma (DP) with pressures ranging from 6.7 Pa to 26.6 Pa. The introduction of polar groups on the film surface such as phenolic hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups enhanced the initial adhesion by increased chemical interaction. However, if the concentration of polar groups became too high, the longterm adhesion reliability estimated by the pressure cooker test was degraded due to the acceleration of the penetration of water molecules into the interface. A large surface roughness was also effective in preventing the decrease in the long-term adhesion reliability. However, too much increase in surface roughness decreases the long-term adhesion reliability. The DP-treatment in the O2 atmosphere at a gas pressure of 6.7 Pa was found to be the best plasma condition for both the initial adhesion as well as the long-term adhesion reliability between the LCP films.
2324. Kusabiraki, M., “Surface modification of polytetrafluoroethylene by discharges,” J. Applied Physics, Part 1, 29, 2809-2814, (1990).
1397. Kusano, Y., “Atmospheric pressure plasma processing for polymer adhesion: A review,” J. Adhesion, 90, 755-777, (2014).
Atmospheric pressure plasma processing has attracted significant interests over decades due to its usefulness and a variety of applications. Adhesion improvement of polymer surfaces is among the most important applications of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment. Reflecting recent significant development of the atmospheric pressure plasma processing, this work presents its fundamental aspects, applications, and characterization techniques relevant to adhesion.
1353. Kusano, Y., M. Yoshikawa, I. Tanuma, Y. Fukuura, K. Naito, et al, “Surface treatment of fluoropolymer members and preparation of composite products therefrom,” U.S. Patent 5425832, Jun 1995.
3013. Kusano, Y., S. Teodoru, and C.M. Hansen, “The physical and chemical properties of plasma treated ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 205, 2793-2798, (Jan 2011).
A uniform and smooth transfer of stresses across the polymer matrix/fiber interface is enhanced when adhesion between the matrix and fiber surface is optimized. In the absence of covalent bonds matching the Hansen solubility (cohesion) parameters (HSP) of the fiber surface with the HSP of a matrix polymer assures maximum physical adhesion to transfer loads uniformly. Plasma treatment of ultra-high-molecular-weight (UHMWPE) fibers is shown to significantly increase the amount of oxygen in the surface. There are two distinct types of surfaces in both the plasma treated and the untreated UHMWPE fibers. One type is typical of polyethylene (PE) polymers while the other is characteristic of the oxygenated surface at much higher values of HSP. The oxygenated surface of the plasma treated fibers has the HSP δD, δP, and δH equal to 16.5, 15.3, and 8.2, compared to the pure PE surface with HSP at 18.0, 1.2, and 1.4, all in MPa½. The dispersion parameter has been lowered somewhat by the plasma treatment, while the polar and parameters are much higher. The HSP methodology predicts enhanced adhesion is possible by skillful use of anhydride and nitrile functional groups in matrix or tie polymers to promote compatibility in the system.
2395. Kusano, Y., T. Inagaki, M. Yoshikawa, S. Akiyama, and K. Naitoh, “Corona discharge surface treating method,” U.S. Patent 5466424, Nov 1995.
1006. Kusano, Y., T. Noguchi, M. Yoshikawa, N. Kato, and K. Naito, “Effect of discharge treatment on vulcanised rubber surfaces,” in IRC '95 Kobe International Rubber Conference Proceedings, 432-435, Japan Society of Rubber Industry, 1995.
3014. Kusano, Y., and R. Kusano, “Critical assessment of the correlation between surface tension components and Hansen solubility parameters,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 677, Part B, (Nov 2023).
Surface or interfacial phenomena, including wetting, adsorption, adhesion, and dissolution, are of significant interest for daily life as well as for industrial and engineering applications. Surface tension and the Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) both represent similar physical characteristics related to these phenomena. It is therefore interesting to study the relation between them, and in the present work, reported empirical relations between surface tension and HSP are critically investigated. There exists an approximately proportional relation between total surface tension and HSP, although the coefficient obtained in the present work is much smaller than the commonly reported ones. The result is supported by an estimation of the coefficient using a simple physical model. On the other hand, finding correlations between the partial components of surface tension and HSP appears to be difficult as they are measured differently. The uses of databases from which measurements are taken must also be taken into question. As an example, the surface tension components of diiodomethane are investigated, and the validity of the reported values are called into question.
204. Kutsch, W.P., “Hot stamping applications and critical surface tension in the plastic industry,” in SPE Decorating Div. RETEC 1993, Society of Plastics Engineers, Oct 1993.
205. Kuusipalo, J., and A. Savolainen, “Ozone, generated at corona treater, as an adhesion promoter in extrusion coating,” in 1994 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 325-333, TAPPI Press, Aug 1994.
1868. Kuusipalo, J., and A. Savolainen, “Adhesion phenomena in (co) extrusion coating of paper and paperboard,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 11, 1119-1135, (1997).
2754. Kuusipalo, J., and A. Savolainen, “Adhesion in extrusion coating with polypropylene,” in 1993 Polymers, Coatings and Laminations Conference Proceedings, 469-478, TAPPI Press, Aug 1993.
716. Kuusipalo, J.T., and A.V. Savolainen, “Adhesion phenomena in (co)extrusion coating of paper and paperboard,” Presented at First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology, Oct 1995.
206. Kuznetsov, A.Y., V.A. Bagryansky, and A.K. Petrov, “Adhesion properties of glow-discharge plasma treated polyethylene surfaces,” J. Applied Polymer Science, 47, 1175-1184, (1993).
1018. Kuzuya, M., S. Kondo, M. Sugito, and T. Yamashiro, “Peroxy radical formation from plasma-induced surface radicals of polyethylene as studied by electron spin resonance,” Macromolecules, 31, 3230-3234, (May 1998).
1019. Kuzuya, M., T. Yamashiro, S. Kondo, M. Sugito, and M. Mouri, “Plasma-induced surface radicals of low-density polyethylene studied by electron spin resonance,” Macromolecules, 31, 3225-3229, (May 1998).
1698. Kwok, D.Y., “The usefulness of the Lifshitz-van der Waals/acid-base approach for surface tension components and interfacial tensions,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 156, 191-200, (1999).
1316. Kwok, D.Y., A. Leung, A. Li, C.N.C. Lam, R. Wu, and A.W. Neumann, “Low-rate dynamic contact angles on poly(n-butyl methacrylate) and the determination of solid surface tensions,” Colloid and Polymer Science, 276, 459-469, (1998).
1314. Kwok, D.Y., A. Leung, C.N.C. Lam, A. Li, R. Wu, and A.W. Neumann, “Low-rate dynamic contact angles on poly(methyl methacrylate) and the determination of solid surface tensions,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 206, 44-51, (1998).
1320. Kwok, D.Y., A. Li, and A.W. Neumann, “Low-rate dynamic contact angles on poly(methyl methacrylate/ethyl methacrylate, 30/70) and the determination of solid surface tensions,” J. Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 37, 2039-2051, (1999).
1806. Kwok, D.Y., C.J. Budziak, and A.W. Neumann, “Measurement of static and low rate dynamic contact angles by means of an automated capillary rise technique,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 173, 143-150, (Jul 1995).
1294. Kwok, D.Y., C.N.C. Lam, A. Li, A. Leung, R. Wu, E. Mok, and A.W. Neumann, “Measuring and interpreting contact angles: A complex issue,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 142, 219-235, (1998).
1315. Kwok, D.Y., C.N.C. Lam, A. Li, K. Zhu, R. Wu, and A.W. Neumann, “Low-rate dynamic contact angles on polystyrene and the determination of solid surface tensions,” Polymer Engineering and Science, 38, 1675-1684, (1998).
1317. Kwok, D.Y., C.N.C. Lam, A. Li, and A.W. Neumann, “Low-rate dynamic contact angles on poly(methyl methacrylate/n-butyl methacrylate) and the determination of solid surface tensions,” J. Adhesion, 68, 229-255, (1998).
723. Kwok, D.Y., D. Li, and A.W. Neumann, “Capillary rise at a vertical plate as a contact angle technique,” in Applied Surface Thermodynamics, Neumann, A.W., and J.K. Spelt, eds., 413-440, Marcel Dekker, Jun 1996.
1305. Kwok, D.Y., D. Li, and A.W. Neumann, “Fowkes' surface tension components approach revisited,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 89, 181-191, (1994).
1306. Kwok, D.Y., D. Li, and A.W. Neumann, “Evaluation of the Lifshitz-van der Waals/acid-base approach to determine interfacial tensions,” Langmuir, 10, 1323-1328, (1994).
1312. Kwok, D.Y., L.K. Cheung, C.B. Park, and A.W. Neumann, “Study on the surface tensions of polymer melts using axisymmetric drop shape analysis,” Polymer Engineering and Science, 38, 757-764, (1998).
779. Kwok, D.Y., and A.W. Neumann, “Contact angle measurements and contact angle interpretation: Relevance to the thermodynamics of adhesion,” in Acid-Base Interactions: Relevance to Adhesion Science and Technology, Vol. 2, Mittal, K.L., ed., 91-166, VSP, Dec 2000.
883. Kwok, D.Y., and A.W. Neumann, “Contact angle techniques and measurements,” in Surface Characterization Methods: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Milling, A.J., ed., 37-86, Marcel Dekker, Aug 1999.
1095. Kwok, D.Y., and A.W. Neumann, “Contact angle measurements and criteria for surface energetic interpretation,” in Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, Vol. 3, Mittal, K.L., ed., 117-160, VSP, Nov 2003.
1226. Kwok, D.Y., and A.W. Neumann, “Contact angle measurements and interpretation: Wetting behavior and solid surface tension for poly(alkyl methacrylate) polymers,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 14, 719-743, (2000).
1311. Kwok, D.Y., and A.W. Neumann, “A simple experimental test of the Lifshitz-van der Waals/acid-bsae approach to determine interfacial tensions,” Canadian J. Chemical Engineering, 74, 551-553, (1996).
1319. Kwok, D.Y., and A.W. Neumann, “Contact angle measurement and contact angle interpretation,” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 81, 167-249, (1999).
1325. Kwok, D.Y., and A.W. Neumann, “Contact angle interpretation in terms of solid surface tension,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 161, 31-48, (2000).
1331. Kwok, D.Y., and A.W. Neumann, “Contact angles and surface energetics,” Progress in Colloid and Polymer Science, 109, 170-184, (1998).
2547. Kwon, O.-J., S. Tang, S.-W. Myung, N. Lu, and H.-S. Choi, “Surface characteristics of polypropylene film treated by an atmospheric pressure plasma,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 192, 1-10, (Mar 2005).
After the atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of polypropylene (PP) film surface, we measured the contact angle of the surface by using polar solvent (water) and nonpolar solvent (diiodomethane). We also calculated the surface free energy of PP film by using the measured values of contact angles. And then we analyzed the change of the contact angle and surface free energy with respect to the conditions of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment. Upon each condition of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment, the contact angle and surface free energy showed optimum value or leveled off. Through AFM analysis, we also observed the change of surface morphology and roughness before and after plasma treatment. The surface roughness of PP film showed the highest value when the plasma treatment time was 90 s. Finally, we analyzed the change of chemical compositions on the PP film surface through XPS. As the result of analysis, we observed that polar functional groups, such as –CO, –C=O, and –COO were introduced on the PP film surface after atmospheric pressure plasma treatment.
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