ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography
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2307. Kolbe, A., and P. Dinter, “Corona apparatus,” U.S. Patent 4059497, Nov 1977.
2320. Kolbe, A., and P. Dinter, “Method and device for surface treatment of film webs,” U.S. Patent 4615906, Oct 1986.
752. Kolluri, O.S., “Application of plasma technology for improved adhesion of materials.,” in Handbook of Adhesive Technology, Mittal, K.L., and A. Pizzi, eds., 35-46, Marcel Dekker, May 1994 (also in Handbook of Adhesive Technology, 2nd Ed., A. Pizzi and K.L. Mittal, eds., p. 193-204, Marcel Dekker, Aug 2003).
199. Kolluri, O.S., S.L. Kaplan, and P.W. Rose, “Gas plasma and the treatment of advanced fibers,” in SPE Advanced Polymer Composites Conference Proceedings 1988, Society of Plastics Engineers, Nov 1988.
2188. Koltzenburg, T., “Ozone generation: Sherman Treaters/Pillar give the goods,” http://pffc-online.com/news/paper, Feb 2002.
1768. Kondyurin, A., B.K. Gan, M.M.M. Bilek, K. Mizuno, and D.R. McKenzie, “Etching and structural changes of polystyrene films during plasma immersion ion implantation from argon plasma,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, B251, 413-418, (2006).
Polystyrene films of 100 nm thickness were modified using plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) with argon ions of energy 20 keV and fluences in the range 2 × 10 14-2 × 10 16 ions cm -2. The structure and properties of the films were determined by ellipsometry and FTIR spectroscopy, as well as AFM, wetting angle measurements, profilometry and optical microscopy. The effects of oxidation, carbonization, etching and gel-formation were observed. The etching rate was found to decrease with PIII fluence. The rates of degradation with increasing fluence of the aromatic and aliphatic parts of the polystyrene macromolecule were found to be similar. Oxidation of the polystyrene film ceases at fluences greater than 10 15 ions cm -2. The surface morphology of the film did not change with PIII fluence. Washing with toluene produced surface wrinkling for low fluences up to 10 15 ions cm -2 while at high fluences the modified films were stable.
1699. Kondyurin, A., and M. Bilek, “Interactions of ion beam with polymer: Physical picture,” in Ion Beam Treatment of Polymers: Application Aspects from Medicine to Space, 1-10, Elsevier, Mar 2008.
1700. Kondyurin, A., and M. Bilek, “Interactions of ion beam with polymer: Chemical picture,” in Ion Beam Treatment of Polymers: Application Aspects from Medicine to Space, 29-74, Elsevier, Mar 2008.
1701. Kondyurin, A., and M. Bilek, “Wetting,” in Ion Beam Treatment of Polymers: Application Aspects from Medicine to Space, 147-160, Elsevier, Mar 2008.
508. Koo, M.-N., “The effect of drop size on contact angle (MS thesis),” SUNY Buffalo, 1979.
796. Kopf, H., C. Seidel, B. Gotsmann, H. Fuchs, and K. Reihs, “An XPS and SFM study of plasma treatment and A1 metallisation of polycarbonate: a comparison of SF6 and Ar plasma treatments,” in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, Vol. 2, Mittal, K.L., ed., 173-182, VSP, Dec 2000.
2106. Kos, S., “Outlook on surface treatment's future,” http://www.flexpackmag.com/CDA/Articles, Apr 2009.
2107. Kos, S., “Newest surface treaters achieve higher dyne levels, higher ROI,” Flexible Packaging, 11, 22-25, (Apr 2009).
2544. Kostov, K.G., T.M.C. Nishime, L.R.O. Hein, and A. Toth, “Study of polypropylene surface modification by air dielectric barrier discharge operated at two different frequencies,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 234, 60-66, (Nov 2013).
In this work, air dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) operating at the line frequency (60 Hz) or at frequency of 17 kHz was used to improve the wetting properties of polypropylene (PP). The changes in the surface hydrophilicity were investigated by contact angle measurements. The plasma-induced chemical modifications of PP surface were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The polymer surface morphology and roughness before and after the DBD treatment were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). To compare the plasma treatment effect at different frequencies the variation of the contact angle is presented as a function of the deposited energy density. The results show that both DBD treatments leaded to formation of water-soluble low molecular weight oxidized material (LMWOM), which agglomerated into small mounts on the surface producing a complex globular structure. However, the 60 Hz DBD process produced higher amount of LMWOM on the PP surface comparing to the 17 kHz plasma treatment with the same energy dose. The hydrophilic LMWOM is weakly bounded to the surface and can be easily removed by polar solvents. After washing the DBD-treated samples in de-ionized water their surface roughness and oxygen content were reduced and the PP partially recovered its original wetting characteristics. This suggested that oxidation also occurred at deeper and more permanent levels of the PP samples. Comparing both DBD processes the 17 kHz treatment was found to be more efficient in introducing oxygen moieties on the surface and also in improving the PP wetting properties.
2385. Kouguchi, K., Y. Iriyama, K. Furutani, S. Ikeda, A Iwata, and T. Terada, “Corona discharge processing apparatus,” U.S. Patent 5038036, Aug 1991.
1224. Kovalchuk, V.I., E.K. Zholkovskiy, M.P. Bondarenko, and D. Vollhardt, “Ion redistribution near the polar groups in the Langmuir wetting process,” J. Adhesion, 80, 851-870, (Sep 2004).
The theoretical analysis of electrostatic interactions and ion redistribution in the close vicinity of the three-phase contact line shows their important role in the Langmuir wetting process. To provide a sufficient rate for the ion transfer, which is intended to neutralize the interfacial charge, the concentration and potential distributions deviate from the equilibrium. As a consequence, during the deposition process the adhesion work, and hence the contact angle, are defined by the local ionic concentrations near the three-phase contact line. The concentration profiles and the electro-diffusion ion fluxes induced during the Langmuir wetting process are strongly dependent on the subphase composition and on the monolayer properties. The results of the analysis are in a good agreement with the experiments.
1027. Kramer, B., and G. Jerdee, “A survey of common process and product parameters designed to improve adhesion of polyethylene,” in 1998 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 119-125, TAPPI Press, Sep 1998.
2888. Kranias, S., “Effect of drop volume on static contact angles,” Kruss GmbH, 0.
2628. Krasucki, D., “New technology improvements keep Mayer rods competitive,” http://www.convertingquarterly.com/web-coating/new-technology-improvements-..., Mar 2016.
1225. Kravtsov, A., H. Brunig, S. Zhandarov, and R. Beyreuther, “The electret effect in polypropylene fibers treated in a corona discharge,” Advances in Polymer Technology, 19, 312-316, (Oct 2000).
200. Kronberg, B., and P. Stenius, “The effect of surface polarity on the adsorption of nonionic surfactants, I. Thermodynamic considerations,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 102, 410-417, (1984).
2545. Kropke, S., Y.S. Akishev, and A. Hollander, “Atmospheric pressure DC glow discharge for polymer surface treatment,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 142-144, 512-516, (Jul 2001).
201. Krueger, J.J., and K.T. Hodgson, “Single-fiber wettability of highly sized pulp fibers,” TAPPI J., 77, 83-88, (Jul 1994).
1969. Kruger, R., and H. Potente, “Corona-discharge treatment of polypropylene films: Effects of process parameters,” J. Adhesion, 11, 113-124, (1980).
1893. Kruse, A., G. Krueger, A. Baalman, and O.-D. Henneman, “Surface pretreatment of plastics for adhesive bonding,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 9, 1611-1621, (1995) (also in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, K.L. Mittal, ed., p. 291-302, VSP, May 1996).
2079. Kucherenko, O.B., C. Kohlert, E.A. Sosnov, and A.A. Malygin, “Synthesis and properties of polyvinyl chloride films with modified surface,” Russian J. Applied Chemistry, 79, 1316-1320, (Aug 2006).
Atomic-force microscopy was used to study structural chemical transformations on the surface of polyvinyl chloride films subjected to modification with compounds based on acrylic acid derivatives, with preliminary activation of the polymer surface with a corona discharge.
2414. Kuckertz, C., S. Jacobsen, R. Brandt, K. Landes, and R. Hartmann, “Method of surface treating or coating of materials,” U.S. Patent 6613394, Sep 2003.
2015. Kuhn, A., “Starting off with a clean slate: Using dyne liquids is one of the easiest and most cost-effective means of assessing surface cleanliness,” Metal Finishing, 103, 72-79, (May 2005).
2869. Kuhn, A., “Determining whether a metal surface is really clean: Two testing methods offer an inexpensive yet accurate means for measuring cleanliness,” Metal Finishing, 103, 16-21, (Sep 2005).
791. Kuhn, G., A. Ghode, St. Weidner, I. Retzko, W.E.S. Unger, and J.F. Friedrich, “Chemically well-defined surface functionalization of polyethylene and polypropylene by pulsed plasma modification followed by grafting of molecules,” in Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, Vol. 2, Mittal, K.L., ed., 45-64, VSP, Dec 2000.
2080. Kull, K.R., M.L. Steen, and E.R. Fisher, “Surface modification with nitrogen-containing plasmas to produce hydrophilic, low-fouling membranes,” J. Membrane Science, 246, 203-215, (Jan 2005).
Nitrogen-based plasma systems such as N2, NH3, Ar/NH3, and O2/NH3 were used to modify microporous polyethersulfone membranes. Treatments were designed to alter the surface chemistry of the membranes to create permanently hydrophilic surfaces. Contact angle measurements taken initially, as well as 1 year post-treatment confirmed that treatments using O2/NH3 plasmas (with a 5:3 gas flow ratio) were successful in achieving our designed goals. Analyses by FT-IR and XPS established the incorporation of NHx and OH species in the PES membranes. Moreover, the plasma penetrates the thickness of the membrane, thereby modifying the entire membrane cross-section. Optical emission spectroscopy studies of excited state species present in the modifying gases revealed the presence of OH*, which was not present in a 100% ammonia plasma, suggesting OH* must play a critical role in the membrane modification process. Investigations using bubble point analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate there is no damage occurring under these specific treatment conditions. The usefulness of this treatment is revealed by increased water flux, reduced protein fouling, and greater flux recovery after gentle cleaning when compared to an untreated membrane.
996. Kullberg, M.L., and T.R. Mueller, “Metallised biaxially oriented polypropylene - advances in barrier integrity,” in 1999 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference Proceedings, 747-752(V2), TAPPI Press, Sep 1999.
1736. Kumagai, H., H. Denbo, N. Fujii, and T. Kobayashi, “Poly(ethylene terephthalate) decomposition process in oxygen plasma: Emission spectroscopic and surface analysis for oxygen-plasma reaction,” J. Vacuum Science and Technology, A22, 1-7, (2004).
Emission spectroscopy was applied to observe the reaction process of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) in an oxygen (O2) plasma generated by a microwave discharge. As the PET was exposed in the O2 plasma flow, light emitted from the PET surface was monitored. In the diagnosis measurement, several emission peaks assigned to the Hα atomic line at 652 nm, Hβ at 486 nm, OH (2Σ→2Π) transition near 244–343 nm and CO (b3 Σ→a3 Σ) near 283–370 nm were observed and measured at various discharge times. These results indicated that after the plasma etching, the PET sample was decomposed by the oxygen plasma reaction, and then, hydrogen abstraction and carbon oxidation processes. We also observed the time profile of oxygen atom, as the atom-emission intensity at 777 nm was monitored. As Hβ atomic and OH molecule lines appeared in the presence of PET, the O atom intensity was significantly reduced. In the surface analysis on Fourier transform infrared and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, it was found that for the PET surface treated by O2 plasma containing excited atomic oxygen species, ester bands were broken and carbonization formed on the PET surface.
1732. Kumagai, H., T. Kusunoki, and T. Kobayashi, “Surface modification of polymers by thermal ozone treatments,” AZojomo J. Materials Online, 3, (Dec 2007).
Surface modification of polyethylene (PE), poly(vinylchloride) (PVC), and polystyrene (PS), was performed by thermal-ozone (O3) treatment to improve their properties. Polymer films were exposed to dried O3 gas with 3026 ppm at different temperatures. DRS-FT-IR and UV-Vis-NIR absorption methods were applied to observe the surface characteristics of polymers treated. Absorption band assigned to C
O stretching appeared near 1720 cm-1 in films treated with O3 at 65°C, whereas O3 treatment at 25°C showed no appearance of the CO band on the surface. In PS, the O3 oxidation proceeded regardless of temperature. Comparison between PE-O3 and PS-O3 systems showed that different processes of the surface modification occured. Furthermore, contact angle measurements indicated that the surface wettability of PE and PS was improved by the thermal-O3 treatment.
1486. Kumar, A., and S. Hartland, “Measurement of contact angles from the shape of a drop on a vertical fiber,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 136, 455-469, (1990).
203. Kumar, D., “Surface characterization of polymer substrates, flexographic printing plates, and dried ink films printed with water-based ink systems,” in Surface Phenomena and Additives in Water-Based Coatings and Printing Technology, Sharma, M.S., ed., 151-162, Plenum Press, Feb 1992.
202. Kumar, D., and S.N. Srisastava, “Wettability and surface energies of polymer substrates,” in Surface Phenomena and Fine Particles in Water-Based Coatings and Printing Technology, Sharma, M.S., and F.J. Micale, eds., 299-308, Plenum Press, Jun 1991.
2699. Kumar, S., “Liquid transfer in printing processes,” Converting Quarterly, 7, 74-80, (Jul 2017).
2958. Kumara, S., B. Ma, Y.V. Seryuk, S.M. Gubanski, et al, “Surface charge decay on HTV silicone rubber: effect of material treatment by corona discharge,” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 19, 2189-2195, (Dec 2012).
Surface charge decay on thick flat samples of high temperature vulcanized silicone rubber is studied prior and after ac and dc corona pre-treatments. It is found that the charge decay rate on the material exposed to ac corona becomes much higher and sensitive to moisture content in the surrounding air. These features are associated with an increased surface conductivity and formation of a silica-like layer on the polymeric surface, both resulting from ac corona treatment. In contrast, characteristics of the charge decay on the material exposed to dc corona are found to be similar to that measured on untreated samples.
1434. Kunz, M., “Surface modification of polymer substrates for improved adhesion of UV-cured systems,” in European Coatings Conference: Adhesion and Performance Enhancement, 115-128, Vincentz Verlag, Sep 2001.
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