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ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography

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412. Andrade, J.D., ed., Polymer Surface Dynamics, Plenum Press, 1988.

413. Andre, V., F. Arefi, et al, “In-situ metallisation of PP films pretreated in a nitrogen or ammonia low-pressure plasma,” Thin Solid Films, 181, 451-460, (Dec 1989).

1779. Andrews, E.H., and A.J. Kinloch, “Mechanics of adhesion failure,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A332, 385-399, (1973).

9. Andrews, E.H., and N.E. King, “Surface energetics and adhesion,” in Polymer Surfaces, 47-63, John Wiley & Sons, 1978.

2348. Antokal, P., and M.F. Kritchever, “Surface and interior modification of thermoplastic resinous bodies,” U.S. Patent 3142630, Jul 1964.

2498. Aouinti, M., A. Gibaud, D. Chateigner, and F. Poncin-Epaillard, “Morphology of polypropylene films treated in CO2 plasma,” J. Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 42, 2007-2013, (May 2004).

One of the most important claims for the plasma technique as a surface treatment is that it modifies only a few atomic layers of materials. However, with polymers, this assumption must be carefully verified to keep the bulk mechanical properties constant. Besides the oxidation of the film, with specific plasma conditions such as high power and duration, the polypropylene film structure is also modified in the bulk through vacuum ultraviolet absorption and thermal relaxation. This change is associated with smectic- and amorphous-phase transformation into an α-monoclinic phase, with a rapid rate for the smectic transformation and a slower rate for the amorphous transformation. At the same time, the crystallite size increases, and the polypropylene film texture is planar and moderated (1.7 mrd at the maximum of the distribution, with a discharge power of 100 W and a treatment duration of 10 min). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2007–2013, 2004
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/polb.20071

2497. Aouinti, M., P. Bertrand, and F. Poncin-Epaillard, “Characterization of polypropylene surface treated in a CO2 plasma,” Plasmas and Polymers, 8, 225-236, (Dec 2003).

2499. Arefi-Khonsari, F., J. Kurdi, M. Tatoulian, and J. Amouroux, “On plasma processing of polymers and the stability of the surface properties for enhanced adhesion to metals,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 142-144, 437-446, (Jul 2001).

669. Arefi-Khonsari, F., M. Tatoulian, N. Shahidzadeh, M.M. Chehimi, et al, “Adhesion, wettability and mechanical properties of ammonia- and helium-plasma-treated polypropylene,” in First International Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology: Festschrift in Honor of Dr. K.L. Mittal on the Occasion of his 50th Birthday, van Ooij, W.J., and H.R. Anderson, Jr., eds., 329-353, VSP, 1998.

865. Arefi-Khonsari, F., M. Tatoulian, N. Shahidzadeh, and J. Amoroux, “Study of plasma treated polymers and the stability of the surface properties,” in Plasma Processing of Polymers (NATO Science Series E: Applied Sciences, Vol. 346), d'Agostino, R., P. Favia, and F. Fracassi, eds., 165-210, Kluwer Academic, Nov 1997.

1627. Arefi-Khonsari, F., and M. Tatoulian, “Plasma processing of polymers by a low-frequency discharge with asymmetrical configuration of electrodes,” in Advanced Plasma Technology, d'Agostino, R., P. Favia, Y. Kawai, H. Ikegami, N. Sato, F. Arefi-Khonsari, eds., 137-174, Wiley-VCH, Jan 2008.

2674. Argent, D., “Dyne levels part 1,” http://www.pffc-online.com/process-management/6240-dyne-levels-part-1-0608, Jun 2008.

2675. Argent, D., “Dyne levels part 2,” http://www.pffc-online.com/surface-prep/corona-flame-plasma/6338-dyne-..., Jul 2008.

2759. Arlt, G., “Treatment electrode topology - some secrets for success,” in 9th TAPPI European PLACE Conference Proceedings, TAPPI Press, 2003.

2402. Arrington, E.E., D.A. Glocker, and T.J. Tatarzyn, “Atmospheric pressure glow discharge treatment of paper base material for imaging applications,” U.S. Patent 5888713, Mar 1999.

10. Asfardjani, K., Y. Segui, Y. Aurelle, and N. Abidine, “Effect of plasma treatments on wettability of polysulfone and polyetherimide,” J. Applied Polymer Science, 43, 271-281, (1991).

1475. Ashley, R.J., et al, “Adhesion problems in the packaging industry,” in Industrial Adhesion Problems, Brewis, D.M., and D. Briggs, eds., Wiley - Interscience, Jan 1986.

2783. Aspler, J.S., S. Davis, and M.B. Lyne, “The surface chemistry of paper in relation to dynamic wetting and sorption of water and lithographic fountain soutions,” J. Pulp and Paper Science, 13, 355-360, (1987).

414. Aspler, J.S., and M.B. Lyne, “The dynamic wettability of paper: influence of surfactant type on improved wettability of newsprint,” TAPPI J., 67, 96-99, (Oct 1984).

1313. Augsburg, A., K. Grundke, K. Poschel, H.-J. Jacobasch, and A.W. Neumann, “Determination of contact angles and solid surface tensions of poly(4-X-styrene) films,” Acta Polymerica, 49, 417-426, (1998).

2957. Aydemir, C., B.N. Altay, and M. Akyol, “Surface analysis of polymer films for wettability and ink adhesion,” Color Research and Application, 46, 489-499, (Apr 2021).

The interaction between inks and substrates is critical during printing. Adhesion of the ink film is determined by the reciprocal interactions of polar and nonpolar (dispersive) components between polymer films and inks. The greater the similarity between the polar and dispersive components of inks, coating and substrates, the better the wetting and adhesion on the surface of printing substrate. Various liquid materials in printing such as inks, varnishes, lacquers, and adhesives contain high ratios of water. The highly polar nature of water makes the interaction of these materials unsuitable with predominantly disperse polymer surfaces. Some films with polyolefin structure, especially polypropylene, and polyethylene, are nonpolar and cannot form strong bonds with ink, varnish, or lacquer coatings due to their chemical structure. Increasing surface energy components overcomes the poor wetting and adhesion on polymer surfaces. In this review, the topics of water contact angle measurement and determination of surface energy, surface tension, and using sessile drop method for the wettability and ink adhesion of polymer films are surveyed. Information on structural and chemical processes was given that assists in obtaining wettable film surfaces. Recommendations were made for good adhesion and printability based on surface treatment methods and ink modification.

1023. Ayres, R.L., and D.L. Shofner, “Preparing polyolefin surfaces for inks and adhesives,” SPE Journal, 28, 51-55, (Dec 1972).

2012. Baalmann, A., K.D. Vissing, E. Born, and A. Gross, “Surface treatment of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites by plasma activation,” in Adhesion International 1993, Sharpe, L.H., ed., 347-356, Gordon & Breach, 1993.

11. Babu, S.R., “Determination of surface tension of liquids,” J. Physical Chemistry, 90, 4337-4340, (Aug 1986).

1442. Badey, J.P., E. Espuche, D. Sage, B. Chabert, Y. Jugnet, C. Batier, T.M. Duc, “Comparative study of the effects of ammonia and hydrogen plasma downstream surface treatment on the surface modification of polytetrafluoroethylene,” Polymer, 37, 1377-1386, (1996).

1443. Badey, J.P., E. Espuche, Y. Jugnet, T.M. Duc, and B. Chabert, “Surface modification of PTFE by microwave plasma downstream treatment to improve adhesion with an epoxy matrix,” in Euradh '94 Conference Proceedings, 386-389, Sep 1994.

1446. Badey, J.P., E. Urbaczewski-Espuche, Y. Jugnet, D. Sage, and T.M. Duc, “Surface modification of polytetrafluoroethylene by microwave downstream treatment,” Polymer, 35, 2472-2479, (Jun 1994).

12. Badran, A.A., and E. Marschall, “Oscillating pendant drop: A method for the measurement of dynamic surface and interfacial tension,” Review of Scientific Instrumentation, 57, 256-263, (Feb 1986).

959. Bae, B., B.-H. Chun, and D. Kim, “Surface characterization of microporous polypropylene membranes modified by plasma treatment,” Polymer, 42, 7879-7885, (2001).

1987. Bagnall, R.D., and P.A. Arundel, “Problems with the determination of surface free energy components by solving simultaneous equations,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 95, 271-272, (Sep 1983).

1359. Bai, G., and Y. Liu, “Plasma-based surface modification and adhesion enhancement of polyester monofilaments,” Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering, 51, 708-711, (Jul 2006).

2802. Bailey, A.I., “Surface and interfacial tension,” www.thermopedia.com/content/30/,

2987. Balart, R., L. Sanchez, O. Fenollar, M. Pascual, and R. Lopez, “Hydrophobic recovery of low density polyethylene treated with corona discharge plasma,” Presented at International Federation of Associations of Textile Chemists and Colourists Congress 2008, 2008.

2500. Baldan, A., “Adhesively-bonded joints and repairs in metallic alloys, polymers and composite materials: Adhesives, adhesion theories and surface pretreatment,” J. Materials Science, 39, 1-49, (2004).

In the present paper, the following topics are reviewed in detail: (a) the available adhesives, as well as their recent advances, (b) thermodynamic factors affecting the surface pretreatments including adhesion theories, wettability, surface energy, (c) bonding mechanisms in the adhesive joints, (d) surface pretreatment methods for the adhesively bonded joints, and as well as their recent advances, and (e) combined effects of surface pretreatments and environmental conditions on the joint durability and performance. Surface pretreatment is, perhaps, the most important process step governing the quality of an adhesively bonded joint. An adhesive is defined as a polymeric substance with viscoelastic behavior, capable of holding adherends together by surface attachment to produce a joint with a high shear strength. Adhesive bonding is the most suitable method of joining both for metallic and non-metallic structures where strength, stiffness and fatigue life must be maximized at a minimum weight. Polymeric adhesives may be used to join a large variety of materials combinations including metal-metal, metal-plastic, metal-composite, composite-composite, plastic-plastic, metal-ceramic systems. Wetting and adhesion are also studied in some detail in the present paper since the successful surface pretreatments of the adherends for the short- and long-term durability and performance of the adhesive joints mostly depend on these factors. Wetting of the adherends by the adhesive is critical to the formation of secondary bonds in the adsorption theory. It has been theoretically verified that for complete wetting (i.e., for a contact angle equal to zero), the surface energy of the adhesive must be lower than the surface energy of the adherend. Therefore, the primary objective of a surface pretreatment is to increase the surface energy of the adherend as much as possible. The influence of surface pretreatment and aging conditions on the short- and long-term strength of adhesive bonds should be taken into account for durability design. Some form of substrate pretreatment is always necessary to achieve a satisfactory level of long-term bond strength. In order to improve the performance of adhesive bonds, the adherends surfaces (i.e., metallic or non-metallic) are generally pretretead using the (a) physical, (b) mechanical, (c) chemical, (d) photochemical, (e) thermal, or (e) plasma method. Almost all pretreatment methods do bring some degree of change in surface roughness but mechanical surface pretreatment such as grit-blasting is usually considered as one of the most effective methods to control the desired level of surface roughness and joint strength. Moreover, the overall effect of mechanical surface treatment is not limited to the removal of contamination or to an increase in surface area. This also relates to changes in the surface chemistry of adherends and to inherent drawbacks of surface roughness, such as void formations and reduced wetting. Suitable surface pretreatment increases the bond strength by altering the substrate surface in a number of ways including (a) increasing surface tension by producing a surface free from contaminants (i.e., surface contamination may cause insufficient wetting by the adhesive in the liquid state for the creating of a durable bond) or removal of the weak cohesion layer or of the pollution present at the surface, (b) increasing surface roughness on changing surface chemistry and producing of a macro/microscopically rough surface, (c) production of a fresh stable oxide layer, and (d) introducing suitable chemical composition of the oxide, and (e) introduction of new or an increased number of chemical functions. All these parameters can contribute to an improvement of the wettability and/or of the adhesive properties of the surface.

943. Ball, P., “Spreading it about,” Nature, 338, 624-625, (Apr 1989).

1059. Ballard, C., “Surface treatment options for converters of flexible packaging,” Flexible Packaging, 6, 50-51, (Mar 2004).

625. Bandookwala, M.S.H., “Corona treatment on polyolefin surfaces: a critical phenomenon,” Popular Plastics, 34, 57-59, (Jan 1989).

13. Banerji, B.K., “Physical significance of contact angles,” Colloid and Polymer Science, 259, 391-394, (1981).

1194. Banik, I., K.S. Kim, Y.I. Yun, D.H. Kim, C.M. Ryu, and C.E. Park, “Inhibition of aging in plasma-treated high-density polyethylene,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 16, 1155-1169, (2002).

2739. Banton, R., B. Casey, C. Maus, and M. Carroll, “Adhesion promotion for UV coatings and inks onto difficult plastic substrates,” Coatings World, 23, 78-84, (Jul 2018).

 

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