ACCU DYNE TEST ™ Bibliography
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824. Ferrero, F., and R. Bongiovanni, “Improving the surface properties of cellophane by air plasma treatment,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 200, 4770-4776, (2006).
Air plasma treatment at low pressure was applied to modify the surface of a cellulose film with the aim to improve its wettability, dyeability and adhesion properties. The contact angles of different polar liquids on the treated films show an exponential decay with treatment time at a given power; the power–time reciprocity is followed. The calculated surface tension values exponentially rise to the same maximum value with a decrease of the polar fraction. ATR-FTIR analyses suggest that a cellulose dehydration takes place rather than a surface oxidation. The plasma treatment improves also the cellophane dyeability with typical dyes for cellulose fibers: the results of dye uptake follow the same trend as the surface energy. The bond strength of lap joints of cellophane with LLDPE film shows a strong improvement of the adhesion depending on the duration and the power of treatment. The whole results are consistent with ablation effects like those observed with air corona treatment rather than oxygen plasma.
2025. Ferrero, F., and R. Bongiovanni, “Improving the surface properties of cellophane by air plasma treatment,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 200, 4770-4776, (Apr 2006).
Air plasma treatment at low pressure was applied to modify the surface of a cellulose film with the aim to improve its wettability, dyeability and adhesion properties. The contact angles of different polar liquids on the treated films show an exponential decay with treatment time at a given power; the power–time reciprocity is followed. The calculated surface tension values exponentially rise to the same maximum value with a decrease of the polar fraction. ATR-FTIR analyses suggest that a cellulose dehydration takes place rather than a surface oxidation. The plasma treatment improves also the cellophane dyeability with typical dyes for cellulose fibers: the results of dye uptake follow the same trend as the surface energy. The bond strength of lap joints of cellophane with LLDPE film shows a strong improvement of the adhesion depending on the duration and the power of treatment. The whole results are consistent with ablation effects like those observed with air corona treatment rather than oxygen plasma.
2671. Fichtner, J, T. Beck, and S. Gunther, “Surface modification of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and oxide-coated PET for adhesion improvement,” Converting Quarterly, 6, 48-54, (Nov 2016).
96. Filbey, J.A., and J.P. Wightman, “Surface characterization in polymer/metal adhesion,” in Fundamentals of Adhesion, Lee, L.-H., ed., 175-202, Plenum Press, Feb 1991.
843. Finlayson, M.F., and B.A. Shah, “The influence of surface acidity and basicity on adhesion of poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) to aluminum,” in Acid-Base Interactions: Relevance to Adhesion Science and Technology, Mittal, K.L., and H.R. Anderson Jr., eds., 303-312, VSP, Nov 1991.
2146. Finson, E., S.L. Kaplan, and L. Wood, “Plasma treatment of webs and films,” in 38th Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, Society of Vacuum Coaters, 1995.
2127. Finson, E., and S.L. Kaplan, “Surface treatment,” in The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, 2nd Ed., Brody, A.L., and K.S. Marsh, eds., 867-874, Wiley-Interscience, 1997.
1591. Finstad, C., J. Madocks, P. Morse, and P. Marcus, “Surface treatment of plastic substrates for improved adhesion of thin metal films through ion bombardment by an anode layer ion source,” in Adhesion Aspects of Thin Films, Vol. 3, Mittal, K.L., ed., 221-233, VSP, Sep 2007.
1993. Fisher, L.R., “Measurement of small contact angles for sessile drops,” J. Colloid and Interface Science, 72, 200-205, (Nov 1979).
97. Fishman, D., “All about surface tension,” Ink World, 3, 22-28, (May 1997).
1871. Flitsch, R., and D.-Y. Shih, “An XPS study of argon ion beam and oxygen RIE modified BPDA-PDA polyimide as related to adhesion,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 10, 1241-1253, (1996).
2346. Flonsky, S., “Treatment of surfaces of polyethylene resins,” U.S. Patent 2923964, Feb 1960.
102. Foerch, R., G. Kill, and M.J. Walzak, “Plasma surface modification of polyethylene: short-term vs. long-term plasma treatment,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 7, 1077-1089, (1993).
828. Foerch, R., G. Kill, and M.J. Walzak, “Plasma surface modification of polyethylene: short-term vs. long-term plasma treatment,” in Plasma Surface Modification of Polymers: Relevance to Adhesion, Strobel, M., C.S. Lyons, and K.L. Mittal, eds., 99-112, VSP, Oct 1994.
101. Foerch, R., J. Izawa, and G. Spears, “Comparative study of the effects of remote nitrogen plasma, remote oxygen plasma, and corona discharge treatments on the surface properties of polyethylene,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 5, 549-564, (1991).
98. Foerch, R., N.S. McIntyre, R.N.S. Sodhi, and D.H. Hunter, “Nitrogen plasma treatment of polyethylene and polystyrene in a remote plasma reactor,” J. Applied Polymer Science, 40, 1903-1915, (1990).
99. Foerch, R., N.S. McIntyre, and D.H. Hunter, “Modification of polymer surfaces by two-step plasma sensitized reactions,” J. Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 28, 803-809, (1990).
1273. Foerch, R., N.S. McIntyre, and D.H. Hunter, “Oxidation of polyethylene surfaces by remote plasma discharge: A comparison study with alternative oxidation methods,” J. Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 28, 193-204, (Jan 1990).
100. Foerch, R., and D. Johnson, “XPS and SSIMS analysis of polymers: the effect of remote nitrogen plasma treatment on polyethylene, poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) and poly(ethylene terephthalate),” Surface and Interface Analysis, 17, 847-854, (1991).
912. Fogarty, W., “Wetting tension test kits,” Select Industrial Systems, 1991.
997. Foldes, E., A. Toth, E. Kalman, E. Fekete, and A. Tomasovszky-Bobak, “Surface changes of corona-discharge-treated polyethylene films,” J. Applied Polymer Science, 76, 1529-1541, (Jun 2000).
1512. Fombuena, V., D. Garcia-Sanoguera, L. Sanchez-Nacher, R. Balart, and T. Boronat, “Optimization of atmospheric plasma treatment of LDPE films: Influence on adhesive properties and ageing behavior,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 28, 97-113, (2014).
One of the major disadvantages of low density polyethylene (LDPE) films is their poor adhesive properties. Therefore, LDPE films have been treated with atmospheric pressure air plasma in order to improve their surface properties. So as to simulate the possible conditions in an industrial process, the samples have been treated with two different sample distances (6 and 10 mm), and treatment rates between 100 and 1000 mm s−1. The different sample distances are the distance of the sample from the plasma source. The variation of the surface properties and adhesion characteristics of the films were investigated for different aging times after plasma exposure (up to 21 days) using contact angle measurement, atomic force microscopy, weight loss measurements and shear test. Results show that the treatment increases the polar component 
and these changes improve adhesive properties of the material. After the twenty-first day, the ageing process causes a decrease of wettability and adhesive properties of the LDPE films (up to 60%).
1658. Fombuena-Borras, V., T. Boronat-Vitoria, O. Fenollar-Gimeno, L. Sanchez-Nachur, and D. Garcia-Sanoguera, “Optimization of atmospheric plasma treatment of LDPE sheets,” Dyna, 87, 549-557, (2012).
The vast majority of polymers and composites have low surface energy; this is due to the low presence of functional groups on their surface which results in low adhesive properties. In order to modify this intrinsic property chemical and physical processes are commonly used. These processes present disadvantages, such as the use of products harmful to the environment. An alternative to these processes is the use of plasma technology. The main objective of this study is the improvement of the adhesive properties of the low density polyethylene (LDPE). In order to achieve the target, atmospheric plasma pretreatment has been optimized in order to promote subsequent adhesion processes, as the ones needed in the toy industry or the application of dyes or printing on surfaces. Plasma surface treatment is a clean process from the environmental viewpoint. This process does not emit any residue and it is easy to implement in an industrial process. Moreover the atmospheric plasma treatment is suitable to be applied in a large variety of materials even at high speeds when the treatment lasts less than a few seconds. In the present study it is examined the physical and chemical processes that occur in the LDPE surface as function of speed rate and distance of treatment. An increase both of the polar groups on the surface and the roughness after the treatment may increase its adhesive properties. It has been analyzed the influence of the speed rate and the nozzle distance on the final results. The adhesive properties have been evaluated using the T-peel test. The results show that at low speeds rates and low nozzle/substrate distance there is a greater inclusion of polar molecules at the surface. Consequently the adhesion properties of LDPE are improved.
1118. Fontelera, J., “Scratching the surface,” Converting, 23, 66-70, (Apr 2005).
1173. Fontelera, J., “Stick with what works: Converters rely on their corona treaters for better ink and coating adhesion,” Converting, 24, 32-35, (Mar 2006).
1567. Fontelera, J., “Proper treatment prompts profits,” Converting, 25, 28-32, (Aug 2007).
2225. Forcum,A., C. Marotta, M. Williams, and N. Laput, “Adhesive selection for effective plastic bonding,” Plastics Decorating, 31-35, (July 2010).
1852. Forsstrom, J., M. Eriksson, and L. Wagberg, “A new technique for evaluating ink-cellulose interactions: Initial studies of the influence of surface energy and surface roughness,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 19, 783-798, (2005).
Ink–cellulose interactions were evaluated using a new technique in which the adhesion properties between ink and cellulose were directly measured using a Micro-Adhesion Measurement Apparatus (MAMA). The adhesion properties determined with MAMA were used to estimate the total energy release upon separating ink from cellulose in water. The total energy release was calculated from interfacial energies determined via contact angle measurements and the Lifshitz–van der Waals/acid–base approach. Both methods indicated spontaneous ink release from model cellulose surfaces, although the absolute values differed because of differences in measuring techniques and different ways of evaluation. MAMA measured the dry adhesion between ink and cellulose, whereas the interfacial energies were determined for wet surfaces. The total energy release was linked to ink detachment from model cellulose surfaces, determined using the impinging jet cell. The influences of surface energy and surface roughness were also investigated. Increasing the surface roughness or decreasing the surface energy decreased the ink detachment due to differences in the molecular contact area and differences in the adhesiom properties.
2340. Forster, F., “Atmospheric pressure plasmas in converting,” Presented at 13th TAPPI European PLACE Conference, 2011.
2952. Forster, F., “Corona treatment for extrusion coating and laminating production lines,” PFFC, 28, 16-18, (Jun 2023).
1918. Fort, T., Jr., and H.T. Patterson, “A simple method for measuring solid-liquid contact angles,” J. Colloid Science, 18, 217-222, (Mar 1963).
2034. Fourches, G., “An overview of the basic aspects of polymer adhesion, I: Fundamentals,” Polymer Engineering and Science, 35, 957-967, (Jun 1995).
105. Fowkes, F.M., “Determination of interfacial tensions, contact angles, and dispersion forces by assuming additivity of intermolecular interactions at surfaces (letter),” J. Physical Chemistry, 66, 382, (1962).
106. Fowkes, F.M., “Additivity of intermolecular forces at interfaces, I. Determination of the contribution to surface and interfacial tensions of dispersion forces in various liquids,” J. Physical Chemistry, 67, 2538-2541, (1963).
107. Fowkes, F.M., “Attractive forces at interfaces,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 56, 40-52, (Dec 1964).
108. Fowkes, F.M., “Comments on 'The calculation of cohesive and adhesive energies', by J.F. Padday and N.D. Uffindell (letter),” J. Physical Chemistry, 72, 1407, (1968).
458. Fowkes, F.M., “Role of acid-base interfacial bonding in adhesion,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 1, 7-27, (1987).
1343. Fowkes, F.M., “Acid-base interactions in polymer adhesion,” in Physico-Chemical Aspects of Polymer Surfaces, Vol. 2, Mittal, K.L., ed., Plenum Press, 1983.
1596. Fowkes, F.M., “Quantitative characterization of the acid-base properties of solvents, polymers and inorganic surfaces,” J. Adhesion Science and Technology, 4, 669+, (1990) (also in Acid-Base Interactions: Relevance to Adhesion Science and Technology, K.L. Mittal and H.R. Anderson Jr., eds., p. 93-116, VSP, Nov 1991).
1604. Fowkes, F.M., “Dispersion force contributions to surface and interfacial tensions, contact angles, and heats of immersion,” in Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion: The Kendall Award Symposium Honoring William A. Zisman (Advances in Chemistry Series 43), Fowkes, F.M., and R.F. Gould, eds., 99-111, American Chemical Society, 1964.
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