Critical Surface Tension, Surface Free Energy, Contact Angles with Water, and Hansen Solubility Parameters for Various Polymers

Name(1) CAS #(2) γc(3) γS(4) dγ/dt(5) θWY(6) θWA(7) θWR(8) W (9) δ(10) δD(11) δP(12) δH(13) Ro(14)
Nylon 6,12 24936-74-1 - 67.0 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA, ethylene glycol monoacrylate) 867-77-9 - 56.8 - - 59.0 - - - - - - -
  1.20(2) -(1)
Polyacrylamide 9003-05-8 34.3 52.3 - - - - - - - - - -
  4.60(2) -(1)
Polyacetylene (polyethyne) - - 51.5 - 72.0 - - - - - - - -
  0.71(2) -(1)
Nylon 2 (polyglycine) 25718-94-9 - 50.1 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polypropylene isophthalate - - 49.3 -0.083(c) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Nylon 4 24938-56-5 - 48.5 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polybutylene isophthalate - - 47.8 -0.080(c) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polyethersulfone (PES) 25154-01-2 - 47.0 - 68.5 - - - 21.0 18.3 8.2 6.4 6.3
  -(1) 0.71(2) 0.91(6) 3.10(6) 2.33(6) 2.61(6)
Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) 26125-40-6 38.0 46.8 - 80.3 - - - 19.8 18.7 5.3 3.7 6.7
  -(1) 3.29(3) 1.53(3) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) 25014-41-9 47.0 46.8 - - - - - 27.4 21.7 14.1 9.1 10.9
  4.24(2) 6.62(4) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Polyxylylene (parylene) - - 46.3 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) 26062-94-2 - 46.3 - - 84.0 - - - - - - -
  0.51(5) 0.00(2)
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) 9003-39-8 - 46.0 - - - - - - - - - -
  3.61(2)
Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) 25134-01-4 47.0 46.0 - - - - - 19.3 16.9 8.9 2.7 11.7
  -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Polybutadiene 9003-17-2 29.3 45.9 -0.144(d) 96.0 - - - 18.0 17.5 2.3 3.4 6.6
  3.79(3) 3.89(2) -0.110(e) 1.41(2) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Aramid (Kevlar) 26125-61-1 - 45.7 - - 63.7 - - - - - - -
  1.76(3) 3.54(2)
Nylon 6 (polycaprolactum, aramid 6) 25038-54-4 43.9 45.4 - - 65.5 42.4 26.8 20.3 17.0 3.4 10.6 5.1
  2.42(3) 3.52(6) 4.27(7) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Cellophane 9005-81-6 - 45.4 - - - - - 28.5 16.1 18.5 14.5 9.3
  -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Epoxies - 44.5 45.3 - 54.0 87.5 - - 24.1 19.2 10.9 9.6 11.1
  0.71(2) 4.21(6) -(1) 3.54(2) 2.53(13) 2.37(13) 2.66(13) 3.98(13)
Poly(L-alanine) 25191-17-7 - 45.2 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polysulfone (PSU) 25135-51-7 42.1 44.9 - 75.0 66.0 - - 21.5 18.5 8.5 7.0 9.4
  1.48(2) 2.47(2) -(1) -(1) 2.17(3) 2.61(3) 1.12(3) 1.69(3)
Nylon 6,6 32131-17-2 42.2 44.3 -0.065(c) 67.6 69.3 40.9 27.6 25.8 17.2 9.9 16.5 4.4
  4.50(12) 3.62(18) 4.94(7) 2.91(5) -(1) -(1) 1.11 1.10 6.80 1.24
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) 25213-24-5 37.0 44.2 - 51.0 - - - 25.2 14.7 14.1 14.9 10.5
  -(1) 6.56(4) -(1) 2.51(4) 2.13(4) 2.18(4) 1.38(4)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 25038-59-9 39.0 44.0 -0.065(c) 72.0 73.0 54.5 20.0 20.8 18.7 6.3 6.7 6.5
  5.71(11) 3.85(28) 6.33(17) 7.32(17) 5.77(8) 11.0(8) 1.25(8) 2.03(8) 2.80(8) 3.36(8)
Polyimide (PI) 25038-81-7 - 43.8 - 71.5 79.9 48.0 31.3 - - - - -
  6.80(4) 2.07(6) 5.01(8) 12.2(8) 10.4(8)
Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC, Saran) 9002-85-1 40.2 43.7 - 80.0 - - - 23.1 19.0 9.6 9.0 5.8
  3.89(4) 2.81(9) -(1) 1.98(2) 0.64(2) 1.70(2) 2.62(2)
Polymethylphenylsilylene - - 43.7 - - - - - - - - - -
  0.57(2)
Polyepichlorohydrin 24969-06-0 35.0 43.2 - - - - - - - - - -
  0.00(2) -(1)
Polyethylene oxide (PEO, PEG, polyethylene glycol) 25322-68-3 43.0 43.1 -0.095(c) 63.0 - - - - - - - -
  -(1) 2.07(16) -(1)
Phenoxy resin 26402-79-9 - 43.0 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Nitrocellulose (cellulose nitrate) 9004-70-0 - 42.7 - - 54.7 20.0 34.7 23.5 16.2 14.1 9.5 10.7
  4.10(3) 11.0(3) 22.5(3) 12.1(3) 1.06(2) 0.85(2) 1.06(2) 1.13(2)
Polymethacrylonitrile (PMAN) 25067-61-2 39.0 42.3 - - - - - 23.7 17.2 14.4 7.6 3.8
  -(1) 3.08(3) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Polycarbonate (PC) 24936-68-3 44.0 42.3 -0.060(c) 81.3 84.0 68.0 16.0 22.2 19.6 8.8 5.7 10.2
  2.83(2) 5.32(7) 5.77(3) -(1) -(1) -(1) 1.75(3) 2.58(3) 1.04(3) 4.06(3)
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 29658-26-2 - 42.1 - 91.0 85.0 55.0 30.0 - - - - -
  -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Ethyl methacrylate (EMA) 97-63-2 - 42.0 - - 74.0 - - - - - - -
  1.06(2) -(1)
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 9003-56-9 38.5 42.0 - 89.7 72.0 - - 19.2 17.0 5.7 6.8 9.4
  -(1) 4.70(8) -(1) -(1) 0.92(2) 4.17(2) 0.49(2) 2.19(2)
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, acrylic, plexiglas) 9011-14-7 37.5 41.8 -0.076(b) 69.1 74.7 54.2 18.4 21.3 17.9 10.1 5.4 11.0
  4.68(12) 3.63(38) 6.08(17) 10.2(8) 5.44(2) 1.98(2) 1.37(5) 4.46(5) 3.73(5) 4.63(5)
Poly(hexachlorobutadiene) - - 41.5 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Aluminum foil (f) 7429-90-5 - 41.2 - 81.3 - - - - - - - -
  2.47(2) 4.60(2) - - - - - - - -
Cellulose acetate (CA) 9004-35-7 37.5 41.1 - 54.5 - - - 23.5 17.1 13.1 9.4 10.6
  2.12(2) 3.37(5) -(1) 1.58(4) 4.41(4) 3.81(4) 2.96(4)
Polychloroprene 9010-98-4 38.0 40.9 -0.086(b) - - - - - - - - -
  0.00(2) 3.63(7)
Nylon 6,10 9008-66-6 - 40.5 - - 71.0 - - - - - - -
  -(1) -(1)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 9002-86-2 37.9 40.1 - 83.2 91.9 75.3 - 20.0 16.8 8.9 6.1 8.5
  7.05(11) 3.66(22) 10.3(8) 7.88(3) -(1) 1.65(5) 1.95(5) 1.78(5) 3.94(5)
Polymethyl acrylate (PMA) 25087-26-7 38.0 39.8 -0.070(c) - - - - - - - - -
  4.24(2) 2.21(9)
Nylon 12 24937-16-4 37.1 39.3 - - 72.4 56.5 20.5 22.2 18.5 8.1 9.1 6.3
  8.63(2) 3.02(3) 5.37(3) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Poly a-methyl styrene 25014-31-7 - 38.7 -0.058(b) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polyoxymethylene (POM, polyacetal, polymethylene oxide) 24969-26-4 37.0 38.6 - 74.5 79.0 54.0 25.0 - - - - -
  1.41(2) 5.68(3) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Polyvinyl acetate (PVA) 9003-20-7 35.3 38.5 -0.066(b) 60.6 - - - 25.7 20.9 11.3 9.7 13.7
  2.08(3) 2.75(14) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Polystyrene (PS) 9003-53-6 34.0 38.3 -0.072(b) 85.3 88.5 81.8 10.0 23.9 22.8 5.8 4.3 12.7
  4.27(18) 5.23(32) 6.08(8) 5.75(15) 3.86(4) 2.65(3) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Polyvinyl butyral 63148-65-2 28.0 38.0 - - - - - 24.6 19.1 9.5 12.2 10.0
  -(1) -(1) 0.92(3) 4.50(3) 1.65(3) 1.53(3)
Polyurethanes - - 37.5 - 77.5 83.1 35.5 47.4 22.8 18.8 10.0 8.2 9.8
  4.01(11) 7.52(8) 14.2(9) 16.3(9) 21.7(9) 1.53(11) 2.54(11) 3.09(11) 3.48(11)
Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) 24981-14-4 32.7 36.4 - 82.5 88.6 - - - - - - -
  4.66(4) 4.07(14) 3.54(2) -(1)
Polystearyl methacrylate 25639-21-8 20.8 36.3 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1) -(1)
Polyvinyl ethyl ether (polyethoxyethylene) 25104-37-4 - 36.0 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) - - 36.0 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polyethyl acrylate (PEA) 9003-32-1 34.0 35.1 -0.070(c) - - - - - - - - -
  1.41(2) 1.47(6)
Polyvinyl proprionate 25035-84-1 - 34.0 -0.072(c) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) 9003-42-3 32.8 34.0 -0.070(c) - - - - 20.0 17.5 8.5 4.7 9.6
  0.90(4) 2.50(7) 1.34(3) 0.62(3) 3.82(3) 1.99(3)
Nylon 11 25587-80-8 35.6 34.0 - - 82.0 - - 20.5 17.0 4.4 10.6 5.1
  4.40(8) -(1) 9.90(2) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) 9004-36-8 - 34.0 - - - - - 22.2 17.2 13.8 2.8 12.6
  -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Polyethylene (PE) 9002-88-4 31.6 33.5 -0.057(b) 94.9 97.2 83.1 13.9 17.6 16.8 3.8 3.8 6.6
  2.05(21) 3.02(62) 6.96(27) 5.80(26) 10.7(9) 8.66(9) 0.88(7) 1.94(7) 2.52(7) 2.84(7)
Poly n-propyl methacrylate 2210-79-9 32.0 33.2 -0.065(c) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1) -(1)
Polyisobutylene (PIB, butyl rubber) 9003-27-4 27.0 33.2 -0.064(b) - 112.1 - - 17.1 16.4 1.7 4.7 7.9
  0.00(2) 3.21(10) -(1) 1.26(6) 2.15(6) 2.08(6) 2.46(6)
Poly n-butyl methacrylate (PnBMA) 25608-33-7 29.8 33.1 -0.059(b) 91.0 - - - 18.4 16.0 6.2 6.6 9.5
  1.94(3) 2.70(12) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Polytetramethylene oxide - - 32.8 - - - - - - - - - -
  1.27(2)
Polylauryl methacrylate 25719-52-2 21.3 32.8 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1) -(1)
Poly n-butyl acrylate 9003-49-0 29.5 32.8 -0.070(c) - - - - - - - - -
  2.12(2) 1.82(3)
Ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (EPDM) 25038-36-2 - 32.5 - 91.0 - - - - - - - -
  4.31(2) -(1)
Polyisoprene (PIP) 9003-31-0 - 32.3 - - - - - 18.4 18.1 2.4 2.3 10.3
  1.53(3) 2.32(3) 1.40(3) 2.66(3) 3.40(3)
Polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) 25190-06-1 - 31.9 - - - - - - - - - -
  0.00(2)
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 24937-79-9 31.6 31.5 - 86.0 93.4 91.0 1.0 23.2 17.0 12.1 10.2 4.1
  5.83(5) 5.29(13) 4.00(3) 1.98(2) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Polyvinyl butyrate - - 31.1 -0.070(c) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) - - 30.9 - - 101.5 79.0 22.5 - - - - -
  3.45(11) 3.54(2) 7.07(2) 3.54(2)
Polyvinyl hexadecanoate - - 30.9 -0.066(c) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Poly iso-butyl methacrylate (PIBMA) 9011-15-8 - 30.9 -0.060(b) - - - - 20.0 18.3 4.9 6.3 9.4
  0.00(2) 2.11(3) 0.93(3) 5.12(3) 2.10(3)
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 9002-83-9 30.8 30.7 -0.067(c) 90.0 104.0 72.0 32.0 16.5 15.6 2.5 4.7 5.8
  1.34(4) 3.79(7) -(1) 0.00(2) 7.07(2) 7.07(2) 2.10(3) 1.46(3) 2.44(3) 1.56(3)
Polypropylene glycol (PPG, polypropylene oxide) 25322-69-4 32.0 30.6 -0.079(b) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1) 2.36(7)
Poly t-butyl methacrylate (PtBMA) 25189-00-9 18.1 30.5 -0.059(b) 108.1 - - - - - - - -
  -(1) 0.00(2) -(1)
Ethyl cellulose 9004-57-3 - 30.3 - - 84.5 - - 20.4 19.0 5.6 4.9 7.9
  2.40(2) -(1) 1.56(2) 1.84(2) 1.41(2) 2.83(2)
Polypropylene (PP) (a) 30.5 30.2 -0.058(b) 94.9 107.3 89.0 20.2 18.0 17.7 2.9 1.2 6.2
  1.50(3) 2.77(32) 5.29(11) 7.75(15) 5.73(6) 2.72(6) 0.46(2) 2.80(2) 1.71(2) 1.76(2)
Poly(hexyl methacrylate) 25087-17-6 27.5 30.0 -0.062(c) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1) 0.00(2)
Poly 2-ethylhexyl acrylate 9003-77-4 31.0 29.7 -0.070(c) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1) 0.71(2)
Polyvinyl dodecanoate - - 29.1 -0.063(c) - - - - - - - - -
 
Polyvinyl hexanoate - - 28.9 -0.063(c) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polyvinyl decanoate - - 28.9 -0.062(c) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Eicosane 112-95-8 - 28.9 -0.0833(c) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Poly 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate 25719-51-1 - 28.8 -0.062(c) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polyvinyl octanoate - - 28.7 -0.061(c) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Paraffin 8002-74-2 24.8 27.9 -0.060(c) 109.3 108.5 96.0 11.0 - - - - -
  6.53(3) 3.96(12) 1.84(2) 2.12(2) -(1) -(1)
Polytrifluoroethylene 24980-67-4 26.5 26.5 - 92.0 - - - - - - - -
  3.99(3) 2.79(7) -(1)
Polymethylphenylsiloxane 9005-12-3 - 26.1 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polydiethylsiloxane (PDES) 63148-61-8 - 25.7 -0.073(c) - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Poly(4-methyl pentene-1) - - 25.0 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Hexatriacontane 630-06-8 20.6 22.8 -0.066(c) 108.2 109.0 - - - - - - -
  1.30(6) 5.03(9) 4.03(2) -(1)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 9002-84-0 19.4 21.8 -0.058(c) 109.4 108.9 96.0 14.3 16.7 16.2 1.8 3.4 3.9
  1.49(8) 3.24(35) 5.70(17) 7.06(8) 8.72(3) 10.6(3) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 9016-00-6 20.1 20.4 -0.048(b) 107.8 107.0 69.1 39.3 - - - - -
  3.17(7) 1.54(26) 8.78(3) 4.44(9) 7.10(7) 3.73(7)
Fluorinated ethylene polypropylene (FEP) 25067-11-2 19.1 18.5 - 105.7 112.7 98.5 14.8 19.6 19.0 4.0 3.0 4.0
  1.27(2) 2.25(7) 4.54(6) 5.03(4) 5.28(4) 1.31(3) -(1) -(1) -(1) -(1)
Poly(hexafluoropropylene) - 16.9 15.9 - 112.0 - - - - - - - -
  0.96(3) 2.67(4) -(1)
Poly(phosphazene) - 16.5 15.8 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1) 0.35(2)
Poly(heptadecafluorooctyl methacrylate) - - 15.3 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Poly(heptafluoroisopropyl methacrylate) - - 15.0 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Poly(nonafluoroisobutyl acrylate) - - 14.0 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Poly(heptafluoroisopropyl acrylate) - - 14.0 - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polyvinyl formal 63450-15-7 39.0 - - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polyphenyl methacrylate - 35.0 - - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polyoctyl methacrylate - 23.5 - - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) 24249-16-5 37.0 - - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Polyetherimide (PEI) 61128-46-9 - - - 76.5 - - - 19.8 17.7 6.0 6.4 4.8
  12.0(2) 1.07(5) 1.14(5) 2.43(5) 1.70(5)
Polybenzyl methacrylate (PBMA) 25085-83-0 36.0 - - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Nylon 10,10 - 32.0 - - - 94.0 - - - - - - -
  -(1) -(1)
Nylon 9,9 - 34.0 - - - 86.0 - - - - - - -
  -(1) -(1)
Nylon 8,8 - 34.0 - - - 86.0 - - - - - - -
  -(1) -(1)
Nylon 7,7 - 43.0 - - - 70.0 - - - - - - -
  -(1) -(1)
Nafion 31175-20-9 - - - - 90.5 - - - - - - -
  4.80(4)
Cellulose triacetate 9012-09-3 48.8 - - - - - - - - - - -
  -(1)
Amorphous fluoropolymer (Teflon AF) - - - - - 117.5 90.3 27.1 - - - - -
  5.67(5) 3.42(5) 9.13(5)

(a) Atactic PP CAS #9003-08-0; isotactic PP CAS #25085-53-4.To top of page

(b) S. Wu, J. Macromol. Sci., C10, 1 (1974).To top of page

(c) S. Wu, in Polymer Handbook, 3rd Ed., J. Brandrup and E.H. Immergut, eds., Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY, 1989, p. VI: 414-426.To top of page

(d) Polybutadiene data for carboxyl end group; S. Wu, in Polymer Handbook, 3rd Ed., J. Brandrup and E.H. Immergut, eds., Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY, 1989, p. VI: 414-426.To top of page

(e) Polybutadiene data for methyl ester end group; S. Wu, in Polymer Handbook, 3rd Ed., J. Brandrup and E.H. Immergut, eds., Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY, 1989, p. VI: 414-426.To top of page

(f) Aluminum foil, while obviously not a polymer, is included due to its widespread use in package converting and other industries.To top of page

(1) Names which are most widely used to describe the material or family of materials (e.g., polyurethanes and epoxies) at hand are preferred here. Commonly used acronyms and synonyms are also shown.To top of page

(2) CAS (Chemical Abstract Series) numbers are shown where available. In a number of instances, more than one CAS number is assigned to a given polymer — in some cases the details and nuances of these divergences are not at all clear. We have tried to reference the CAS number which appears to have the widest use with reference to the solid state properties of the given polymer.To top of page

(3) γc: Critical surface tension in mJ/m2 (equivalent to dynes/cm), generally determined by the Zisman method (regression of the cosine of the contact angle), or by the wetting tension method (using solutions of 2-ethoxyethanol and formamide, per ASTM Std. D-2578).To top of page

(4) γs: Surface free energy in mJ/m2 (equivalent to dynes/cm), as measured, estimated, and calculated by a wide variety of methods and theories.To top of page

(5) dγ/dt: Change in surface energy in mJ/m2 (equivalent to dynes/cm) per degree Kelvin (or Celsius). To top of page

(6) θWY: Equilibrium (or Young's) contact angle with water, in degrees.To top of page

(7) θWA: Advancing contact angle with water, in degrees.To top of page

(8) θWR: Retreating contact angle with water, in degrees.To top of page

(9)W: Contact angle hysteresis (difference between advancing and retreating) with water, in degrees.To top of page

(10) δ: Total Hansen solubility parameter (square root of the sum of squares of the average values for dispersion, polar, and hydrogen bonding components), in MPa1/2 (equivalent to joules/cubic centimeter; 2.0455 x (cal/cc)1/2) @ 20-25oC (293.15-298.15 K). All data from Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd Ed., C.M. Hansen, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007.To top of page

(11) δD: Hansen dispersion solubility parameter, in MPa1/2 (equivalent to joules/cubic centimeter; 2.0455 x (cal/cc)1/2) @ 20-25oC (293.15-298.15 K). All data from Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd Ed., C.M. Hansen, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007.To top of page

(12) δP: Hansen polar solubility parameter, in MPa1/2 (equivalent to joules/cubic centimeter; 2.0455 x (cal/cc)1/2) @ 20-25oC (293.15-298.15 K). All data from Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd Ed., C.M. Hansen, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007.To top of page

(13) δH: Hansen hydrogen bonding solubility parameter, in MPa1/2 (equivalent to joules/cubic centimeter; 2.0455 x (cal/cc)1/2) @ 20-25oC (293.15-298.15 K). All data from Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd Ed., C.M. Hansen, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007.To top of page

(14) Ro: Interaction radius. All data from Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd Ed., C.M. Hansen, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007.To top of page